Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
FOR HIGHWAYS
Submitted to
Prof .D.K Bansal
Submitted by
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Saurav Thakur
INTRODUCTION
Transportation - needed for the development o
f the country.
The main mode of transportation is by road or
highways.
In the process of road development, the alignm
ent of road may have to be fixed through the s
oils which may not bear the traffic loads .
There are various techniques of ground improv
ement.
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METHODS FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT
1. Soil stabilization
2. Vertical drains
3. Stabilization trenches
4. Capillary cut-off
5. Soil nailing
6. Stone columns
7. Vibro compaction
8. Dynamic compaction
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SOIL STABILIZATION
Improvement of stability or bearing capacity of soil by use of
controlled compaction or by the addition of suitable admixtu
res or stabilizers .
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The methods of soil stabilizati
on are:
1. Mechanical Stabilization
2. Soil-cement Stabilization
3. Soil-lime Stabilization
4. Soil-bitumen Stabilization
5. Chemical Stabilization
6. Electrical Stabilization
7. Stabilization by grouting
8. Stabilization by geo textile and fabrics
9. Reinforced earth 5
Mechanical Stabilization
Process of improving the properties of soil by changing its gra
dation.
Two or more natural soils are mixed to obtain a composite m
aterial.
Cement Stabilization
Done by mixing soil and cement with water and compacti
ng the mix to attain a strong material.
Lime Stabilization
Lime stabilization is done by adding lime (2%-10%) to soil.
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Bituminous Stabilization
Bituminous stabilization provide water proofing and binding.
Chemical Stabilization
Stabilization by adding different chemicals.
Electrical Stabilization
Done by a process known as electro-osmosis.
Stabilization by Grouting
In this method grouting is done under pressure the stabilizers
with high viscosity are suitable only for soils with high perme
ability.
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Stabilization by Geotextiles and Fabrics
Geo textile which have very high tensile strength can be used
as reinforcement for strengthening soil.
Reinforced Earth
Soil can be stabilized by introducing thin strips in to it .
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VERTICAL DRAINS
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Sand wicks
Sand wicks are improved technique of sand drains.
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STABILIZING TRENCHES
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Fig : Stabilizing trench
CAPILLARY CUT-OFF
In some cases capillary water accumulates and saturates the
subsurface layers which results in failures.
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Permeable Capillary Cut-off
A layer of granular material is provided which
has a thickness higher than the capillary rise so tha
t water cannot rise above the cut-off layer
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Fig : vibro-compaction
DYNAMIC COMPACTION
This involves in increasing the density of soil near the s
urface by tamping.
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Fig :Dynamic compaction
Equipment
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CONCLUSIONS
While constructing highways different ground condition
s are encountered. Considering all factors a suitable ground i
mprovement technique has to be done. Ground improvemen
t techniques have been extensively used by developed countr
ies.
Lime stabilization is suitable for expansive soil like black cott
on soils.
In bitumen stabilization optimum content of bitumen vanes f
rom 4 to 6 % soil.
Electrical and Chemical stabilization are expensive compared
to others.
Stabilization by grouting is suitable only for soils with high pe
rmeability.
Stabilization by Terra Zyme is most effective for fine grained s
oil.
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Provision of capillary cut-off is effective for expansive s
oils.
For soft and compressible soils provision of sand drains
and sand wicks are found to be effective.
Dynamic compaction is found suitable for soft, loose co
hesionless soil layers..
Stone column has also been found useful for soft soils.
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REFERENCES
Sanjay Kr Singh & Par-deep Kr Gupta, (2002), "Critic
al review of ground improvement techniques for hig
hways ", Volume 30, No: 8, Indian Highways, New D
elhi, pp. 5-13.
Gaul-kar M.P, (1999), "Construction of roads III blac
k cotton soils", Volume 27, No: 3, Indian Highways,
New Delhi, pp. 37-43.
Sharma . S.C, (1994), "Ground Improvement Techniq
ues", Vol. 22, No: 12, Indian Highways, New Delhi, p
p. 3-4.
(1994), "Application of Geo-grids in Highway Engine
ering", Special report: 12, Indian Road Congress, Ne
w Delhi, pp. 59-61.
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