ECOEFIENCIA Y PROCESOS

SUSTENTABLES

IQ-3004
 THIRD INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION. JEREMY RIFKIN
 “….the great economic revolutions in history occur when new
communication technologies converge with new energy systems.

 Convergence of communication and energy was in the offing. Internet

technology and renewable energies were about to merge to create a
powerful new infrastructure for a Third Industrial Revolution (TIR) that
would change the world. In the coming era, hundreds of millions of people
will produce their own green energy in their homes, offices, and factories and
share it with each other in an “energy Internet,”

IQ-3004
 THIRD INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION. JEREMY RIFKIN
The five pillars of the Third Industrial Revolution are
(1) shifting to renewable energy;
(2) transforming the building stock of every continent into micro– power plants to collect
renewable energies on site;
(3) deploying hydrogen and other storage technologies in every building and throughout the
infrastructure to store intermittent energies;
(4) using Internet technology to transform the power grid of every continent into an energy-
sharing intergrid that acts just like the Internet (when millions of buildings are generating a
small amount of energy locally, on site, they can sell surplus back to the grid and share
electricity with their continental neighbors); and
(5) transitioning the transport fleet to electric plug-in and fuel cell vehicles that can buy and
sell electricity on a smart, continental, interactive power grid.
IQ-3004
 THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
JEREMY RIFKIN
 Today, we are witnessing the convergence of a new communications media and energy regime—a
Third Industrial Revolution. Businesses across widely divergent fields—clean
energies, green construction, telecommunications, micro-generation,
distributed grid IT, plug-in electric and fuel cell transport, sustainable
chemistry, nanotechnology, zero-carbon logistics and supply-chain
management, and so on—are developing an array of new
technologies, products, and services

IQ-3004
 ASCENT OF HUMANITY. CHARLES
EISENSTEIN
More than any other species, human beings are gifted with the power to manipulate
their environment and the ability to accumulate and transmit knowledge across
generations.
The first of these gifts we call technology; the other we call culture.

At the same time, it is quite easy to see technology and culture not as a gift but as a
curse.
After millennia of development, the power to manipulate the environment has become
the power to destroy it, while the ability to transmit knowledge transmits as well a
legacy of hatred, injustice, and violence.

They are central to our humanity

IQ-3004
 BANKRUPTING NATURE: DENYING OUR
PLANETARY BOUNDARIES.
ANDERS WIJKMAN & JOHAN ROCKSTRÖM

Another reason is the inadequacy of our method of accounting.

When tropical forests are depleted or oceans are vacuum-
cleaned of fish, the results are posted as a positive item in the
GDP statistics. The fact that natural capital in the form of fish
stocks and trees has suffered a loss of value – one it may never
recover from – is nowhere to be found on any balance sheet.
Nor are degraded ecosystems that are likely to ‘tip over
thresholds’ with disastrous consequences reflected in national
accounts

IQ-3004
 BANKRUPTING NATURE: DENYING OUR PLANETARY
BOUNDARIES.
ANDERS WIJKMAN & JOHAN ROCKSTRÖM

The planet is limited We must come to the realization that the

capacity for biological life on Earth is limited.
This applies to all species, humans included.
 Unlike other species, however, we are equipped with consciousness
and an ability to choose between different options.
Therefore we have a great responsibility both to reflect and to act

IQ-3004
 BANKRUPTING NATURE: DENYING OUR
PLANETARY BOUNDARIES.
ANDERS WIJKMAN & JOHAN ROCKSTRÖM
 The concept of ‘planetary boundaries’ is quite simple. The task was,
on the one hand, to define the biophysical processes that are crucial
for a stable development on Earth, and, on the other hand, to
determine the risk of threshold effects relative to these processes
and identify the key drivers that could lead to them.
 Based on such an analysis, it was reasoned that it should be possible
to define a safe environmental space (‘safe operating space’) for
human development on Earth

IQ-3004
 LÍMITES PLANETARIOS
Parámetro Límite Valor actual Valor
propuesto preindustrial
Cambio climático 1. CO2 concentración atmosférica (ppm vol) 350 387 280
2. Cambio en forzamiento de radiación (W/m2) 1 1.5 0
Tasa de pérdida de 3. Tasa de extinción (no. especies/millón especies/año) 10 100 0.1-1
biodiversidad
Ciclo de Nitrógeno 4. Masa de N2 removida de la atmósfera (millones Mg/año) 35 121 0
Ciclo del Fósforo 5. Masa de P fluyendo a los océanos (millones Mg/año) 11 10 -1
Agotamiento 6. Concentración de ozono (unidad de Dobson) 276 283 290
estratosférico de
O3
Acidificación de 7. Estado promedio de saturación de la aragonita 2.75 2.9 3.44
oceanos
Uso de agua dulce 8. Consumo de agua dulce por humanos (km3/año) 4,000 2,600 415
Cambio en uso de 9. Porcentaje de terreno convertido a terreno cultivado 15 11.7 Bajo
la tierra
Carga atmosférica 10.Concentración global de partículas en la atmósfera Por Por
de aerosol determinarse determinarse
Contaminación 11.Cantidad descargada o concentración persistente de Por Por
química contaminantes orgánicos, plásticos, disruptores endócrinos, determinarse determinarse
metales pesados, desechos nucleares o los efectos sobre los
ecosistemas y el sistema funcional de la Tierra

IQ-3004 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgbY79Opn34
 CROSSING THE ENERGY DIVIDE. MOVING FROM FOSSIL FUEL
DEPENDENCE TO A CLEAN-ENERGY FUTURE.
ROBERT U. AYRES, EDWARD H. AYRES

 First, physical energy plays a far more fundamental role

in economic productivity and growth than most of the
economists advising business and government have ever
acknowledged.
 The implications for everyone who breathes, especially
during the coming period of hoped-for recovery and
transition to the clean-energy economy of the future,
are enormous.
 Energy services aren’t just a large part of the economy;
they’re a major part of what drives the economy.
IQ-3004
CROSSING THE ENERGY DIVIDE. MOVING FROM FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE
TO A CLEAN-ENERGY FUTURE.
ROBERT U. AYRES, EDWARD H. AYRES

 Second, the energy economy of the industrial world is so deeply dependent on fossil
fuels that even the fastest conceivable growth of wind, solar, and other renewable-
energy industries cannot substantially replace oil, coal, and natural gas for at least
several decades
 The solution is to radically reform our management of the existing, fossil fuel–based
system so that we essentially double the amount of energy service we get from each
barrel of oil (or “oil-equivalent” of coal or natural gas) during the years it takes to bring
carbon-free renewables to the point at which they can truly begin to take over

IQ-3004
 Economía basada en el Uso Intenso de Materiales
Renovables y No Renovables
Fuente: British Petroleum y USGS

• Recursos No Renovables:
– Petróleo: 88.03 millones de barriles por día en el mundo o 4,059 millones de
toneladas métricas petróleo equivalente por año (2011) (Consumo).
– Gas Natural: 2,906 millones de toneladas métricas de petróleo equivalente
por año (2011) (Consumo).
– Carbón: 3,724 millones de toneladas métricas de petróleo equivalente por año
(2011) (Consumo).
– Cemento: 3,310 millones de toneladas métricas producidas por año (2010)

IQ-3004 Un poco de historia…

 Economía basada en el Uso Intenso de Materiales
Renovables y No Renovables
Fuente: USGS

• Recursos No Renovables:
– Mena de Hierro: 2,940 millones de toneladas métricas producidas por
año [1,390 contenido Fe] (2011).
– Roca fosfórica: 198 millones de toneladas métricas producidas por
año [60.9 contenido P2O5] (2011).
– Potasa: 36.4 millones de toneladas métricas producidas como K2O
por año (2011).
– Nitrógeno: 135 millones de toneladas métricas producidas como N
por año (2011).
– Cobre: 132.05 millones de toneladas métricas producidas por año
(2010)
IQ-3004
 Economía basada en el Uso Intenso de Materiales
Renovables y No Renovables
Fuente: FAOSTAT

• Productos Agrícolas:
– Trigo: 704.1 millones toneladas métricas producidas (2011).
– Granos: 1,107 millones toneladas métricas producidas (2011) [maíz,
cebada, avena, sorgo, centeno].
– Arroz: 772.8 millones toneladas métricas producidas (2011).
– Azúcar: 171.3 millones toneladas métricas producidas (2011).
– Caña de Azúcar: 1,557.7 millones toneladas métricas producidas
(2007).
IQ-3004
 Plata (Mundial)
25,000

¿En qué se utilizan las Tierras Raras?

20,000 ¿Qué elementos químicos conforman las Tierras Raras?
Producción Anual (Mg de Plata)

15,000
Tierras raras (Mundial)
160,000
10,000

140,000

5,000
120,000

Producción Anual (Mg)

100,000

Datos tomados del Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012 del US 80,000

Geological Survey
60,000
¿En qué se utiliza la Plata?
40,000

20,000

0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

IQ-3004 Datos tomados del Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012 del US Geological Survey
 Producción de Petróleo en México Producción de Petróleo en EUA
12,000
4,500

4,000 10,000
3,500

miles de barriles/día
8,000
miles de barriles/día

3,000

2,500 6,000
2,000
4,000
1,500

1,000 2,000
500
0
0 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

Producción de Petróleo en Reino Unido

3,500

3,000
miles de barriles/día

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
IQ-3004 Datos tomados de BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013
 USO INTENSIVO DE MATERIALES NO
RENOVABLES Y AGOTAMIENTO DE
LOS MISMOS
 Antimonio:
 Producción Mundial para 2011: 169,000 Mg/año
 Reservas mundiales 2011: 1,800,000 Mg

Sí dividimos 1,800,000 Mg/(169,000 Mg/año) obtenemos= 11 años

Esto es lo que durará el Antimonio con los valores actuales de reservas y el nivel de producción
mundial actual

Datos tomados del US Geological Survey , Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012.

IQ-3004