• involves the use of certain devices or rules for
assigning numbers to objects or events .
• by systematically analyzing, categorizing, and quantifying observable phenomena we place them in the scientific arena. • primary tools for psychometric • Helps in statistics • S. S. Stevens classified different levels of measurement on the basis of the relationships between numbers and the objects or events to which the numbers are applied. • specified various ways to use numerical data in statistics • types of statistical operations depending on how numbers are used. • simplest level of his classification • numbers are used solely as labels to identify an individual, objects or group. • Organised but not meaningfully • Numbers just convenient labels for the particular class of events and as such have no quantitative value. • all the members of a set of given number = category assigned to that number • numbers used can be added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided, but results are not meaningful. • property - identity; all members of a category must be assigned the same number and that no two categories may share the same number. • arithmetic operation - counting frequencies its manipulate • least powerful level of measurement. no order or distance relationship and has no arithmetic origin. differences between things by assigning them to categories. counted data. The scale wastes any information that we may have about varying degrees of attitude, skills, understandings, etc.
• very useful ,widely used in surveys where large
population is involved Psychological testing • central tendency - mode. • measure of dispersion - none. • measures of correlation - the contingency coefficient. • statistical significance - Chi-square test • Numbers provide more information than nominal • property – identity and rank order; elements in a set can be lined up in a series—from lowest to highest or vice versa— • No. arranged on the basis of a single variable, such as birth order • rank order numbers convey a precise meaning in terms of position • Rank-ordered test scores are reported as percentile rank (PR) scores or percentiles . • PR scores are simply indicates the percentage of individuals in a group who fall at or below a given level of performance. • Numerical data can be manipulated statistically • Use of Spearman’s rho (rs) correlation coefficient for establishing the relationship between variables expressed in terms of rank numbers no absolute values; real differences between adjacent ranks may not be equal. ranking will not reflect the amount of difference between them, which could be great or small. Psychological testing • central tendency - median • measure of dispersion - percentile. • measures of correlation - rank order method • statistical significance – non parametric methods • equal-unit scales and includes characteristics of both nominal and ordinal . • the difference between any two consecutive numbers reflects an equal empirical or demonstrable difference between the objects or events that the numbers represent. • the distances between numbers are meaningful. • Most arithmetical operations yield meaningful result
coefficient of variation cannot be applied to
interval measurement as it is a sort of ratio of standard deviation to arithmetic mean. not possible to absolute zero or the unique origin. lack of a true zero does not have the capacity to measure the complete absence of a trait or characteristic Psychological testing • central tendency - mean • measure of dispersion – standard deviation • measures of correlation - the product moment correlation technique • statistical significance – t -test • ratio scale has highest level of measurement • all the properties of nominal, ordinal ,interval • property of additivity ; numbers can be added—as well as subtracted, multiplied, and divided • result expressed as a ratio - meaningful results. • all statistical techniques are usable • all manipulations can also be carried out • absolute zero point Can be measured • used in terms of frequency counts or of time intervals, both of which allow for the possibility of true zeros. Psychological testing • central tendency – geometric and harmony means • measure of dispersion - none. • measures of correlation - the contingency coefficient. • statistical significance - all