Sie sind auf Seite 1von 19

Basic Mechanical Engineering-

Hydraulic Turbines

By
Mr.B.Ramesh, M.E.,(Ph.D)
Research Scholar, CEG, Anna University, Chennai.
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering,
Jeppiaar Trust, Chennai-119

31 March 2019 1
Hydraulic (Water) Turbines

 Basic working principle:

Hydraulic turbines convert the potential energy of water


into mechanical work.

 Three most popular hydraulic turbines are :

 Pelton wheel (Pelton turbine)


Kaplan turbine (Propeller turbine)
Francis turbine

31 March 2019 2
Pelton Wheel (Pelton turbine)
 This turbine is named after Lester A. Pelton (1829 – 1908) an American
Engineer who developed it in the year 1880.
 Pelton wheel is a high head turbine. It is used with heads of more than 500
metres. Note : A head is the distance the water falls before it strikes the
turbine blades.

31 March 2019 3
Pelton Wheel (Pelton turbine)…
 The flow of water is tangential to
the runner. So it is a tangential
flow impulse turbine.
 A Pelton’s runner consists of a
single wheel mounted on a
horizontal shaft.
 Water falls towards the turbine
through a pipe called penstock
and flows through a nozzle.
 The high speed jet of water hits
the buckets (vanes) on the wheel
and causes the wheel to rotate.
 A spear rod which has a spear
shaped end can be moved by a
hand wheel. This movement controls the flow of
water leaving the nozzle, before it
strikes the bucket(vane)
31 March 2019 4
Pelton Wheel (Pelton turbine)…

The bucket or vane is so shaped that when the water strikes, it gets split into
two and gives it an impulse force in the centre of the bucket. This bucket is
also known as splitter.

31 March 2019 5
Pelton Wheel (Pelton turbine)…

31 March 2019 6
Pelton Wheel (Pelton turbine)…

31 March 2019 7
Pelton Wheel (Pelton turbine)…

31 March 2019 8
Pelton Wheel (Pelton turbine)…

31 March 2019 9
Kaplan turbine (Propeller turbine)
 Kaplan turbine is a type of propeller turbine which was developed during
1900’s by the Austrian engineer Victor Kaplan (1876 – 1934)
 Kaplan turbine is a low head turbine and used for heads of less than 80
metres.
 The runner of a kaplan turbine resembles with propeller of a ship. That is
why, a Kaplan turbine is also called as propeller turbine.

31 March 2019 10
Kaplan turbine (Propeller turbine)…

 The turbine wheel, which is


completely under water, is turned
by the pressure of water against
its blades.

 Guide vanes regulate the amount


of water reaching the wheel.

31 March 2019 11
Kaplan turbine (Propeller turbine)…

31 March 2019 12
Kaplan turbine (Propeller turbine)…

31 March 2019 13
Francis turbine
 It is named after James B. Francis (1815 – 1892) an English born inventor
who developed the turbine in the year 1849.
 It is used when the head is between 80 to 500 metres. i.e. it is a medium head
turbine.
 It is a mixed flow reaction turbine.

31 March 2019 14
Francis turbine…
 A Francis turbine rotates in a
closed casing.
 Its wheel has many curved blades
called runner vanes as many as
24.
 Its shaft is vertical. The wheel of a
Francis turbine operates under
water.
 The guide vanes and stay vanes
control the amount of water
flowing into the runner vanes.
 The runner is rotated mainly due
to the weight or pressure of the
flowing water.

31 March 2019 15
Hydraulic turbines…

Difference between Kaplan turbine and Francis turbine:

Sl.No. Kaplan turbine Francis turbine


1 Water enters the runner vanes Water enters the runner vanes
axially and leaves axially, hence it radially and leaves axially, hence it
is called axial flow turbine. is called a mixed flow turbine.
2 The number of blades in the The number of blades in the runner
runner is generally between 3 and is generally between 16 and 24.
8.

31 March 2019 16
Hydraulic turbines…

Difference between Impulse and Reaction hydraulic


turbines:
Sl.No. Impulse turbine Reaction turbine
e.g. Pelton turbine e.g. Kaplan & Francis turbines
1 In an impulse turbine all the In a reaction turbine, at the entrance
available energy of water is to the runner, only a part of the
converted into kinetic energy as it available energy of water is
passes through a nozzle. converted into kinetic energy and a
greater part remains in the form of
pressure energy.
2 The water flowing through the The water is guided by the guide
nozzle impinges on the buckets blades to flow over the runner
which are fixed on the outer vanes.
periphery of the wheel.

31 March 2019 17
Videos and Animations

1. Pelton Francis Kaplan turbine animation

31 March 2019 18
Thank You

31 March 2019 19

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen