IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Questions from Past Papers

• Css 2016: Jinnah in his presidential address to the
AIML in March 1940 said, “The problem of India is
not an inter-communal, but manifestly of an
international one , and it must be treated as such”
Write note on the Two Nation Theory and the
Lahore Resolution of March 1940 in the light of his
statement
• CSS 2015: Separation of East Pakistan, though a
tragic part of history of Pakistan, was not the
negation of Two nation theory". Comment
• Css 2014: Briefly describe the genuine
factors which were responsible for the
demand of separate homeland by the
Muslims of the Sub Continent
• CSS 2013: Through Allama Iqbal’s writings
and views of Quaid-i-Azam explain their
conceptual understanding about the Islamic
state. Do you agree that their vision found
some place while explaining the constitutional
developments throughout the case of
Pakistan’s political history?
• CSS 2012: Before passing Lahore resolution(Pakistan
Resolution)the division of Indian Sub-Continent was
advocated by various thinkers,intellectuals and
reformers.Discuss.
• CSS 2011:John Plamentaz defines ‘Nationalism’ as
“the desire to preserve or enhance peoples national or
cultural identity, when that identity is threatened or the
desire to transform or even create it when it is felt to
be inadequate or lacking.”
In the light of above definition, briefly but
comprehensively discuss the respective role played by
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Iqbal and the Quaid-e-
Azam in strengthening the Muslim nationalism in India.
• CSS 2007: Elucidate Ideology of Pakistan.
What are the reasons which contributed
for the development of two-nation-theory?
Is two-nation-theory relevant after the fall
of Dacca? Discuss.
• CSS 2006: Describe the most notable
feature of Muslims in India in the light of
their monothestic religion and egalitarian
social structure.
 What is Ideology
• 57th Nation state of United Nations, Pakistan emerged
as a sovereign state on August 14,1947.
• Ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam and Two
nation theory
• Etymological Meaning ( Source : French Philosopher
de Tracy: “Science of Ideas”
• Set of principles, a framework of action and guidance
system that gives order and meaning to life and
human action
• It contains those ideas that a nation strives to
accomplish in order to bring stability to its nationhood.
The ideology grows amongst the dissatisfied group of
society as a challenge to the prevailing social set up.
 Ideology of Pakistan
The ideology of Pakistan stems from the instinct of the Muslim
community of South Asia to maintain their individuality by resisting
all attempts by the Hindu society to absorb it. Muslims of South Asia
believe that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but also
two social orders that have given birth to two distinct cultures with no
similarities. A deep study of the history of this land proves that the
differences between Hindus and Muslims were not confined to the
struggle for political supremacy, but were also manifested in the
clash of two social orders. Despite living together for more than a
thousand years, they continued to develop different cultures and
traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, are all
poles apart. Even the language they speak and the dresses they
wear are entirely different.
 Ideology of Pakistan
The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an
evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the
base; with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan began the period of
Muslim self-awakening; Allama Iqbal provided the
philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into
a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of
Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March
1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization
of Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the
Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. When
they realized that their future in a 'Democratic India'
dominated by Hindu majority was not safe; they put
forward their demand for a separate state.
 Idea of Pakistan by Stephen
Cohen
• First, Pakistan was clearly “Indian,” in that the strongest
supporters of the idea of Pakistan identified themselves as culturally
Indian, although in opposition to Hindu Indians.
• Second, the idea of Pakistan implied that Pakistan would be a
modern extension of the great Islamic empires of South Asia, whose
physical remnants still dominate the subcontinental landscape
• Third, Pakistan was also a legatee of British India, sharing in the
200- year-old tradition of the Raj.
• Fourth, because of its cultural links with Central Asia, strategists
such as Jinnah viewed Pakistan as a boundary land between the
teeming masses of India and the vastness of Central Asia. Such a
Pakistan, with its strong military tradition, was to serve as the
guardian of South Asia.
• Fifth, since Pakistan was also to be part of the Islamic world, it
would share in one way or another the ummah’s destiny.
Justice Munir has very clearly identified the first time when the phrase was coined. In his
monograph From Jinnah to Zia he writes:
The Quaid-i-Azam never used the words “Ideology of Pakistan” … For fifteen
years after the establishment of Pakistan, the Ideology of Pakistan was not
known to anybody until in 1962 a solitary member of the Jama’at-I-Islami used
the words for the first time when the Political Parties Bill was being discussed.
On this, Chaudhry Fazal Elahi, who has recently retired as President of Pakistan,
rose form his seat and objected that the Ideology of Pakistan’ shall have to be
defined. The member who had proposed the original amendment replied that the
‘Ideology of Pakistan was Islam’, …
Thus the phrase Ideology of Pakistan had no historical basis in the Pakistan movement. It
was coined much later by those political forces which needed it to sanctify their particular
brand of politics, especially by those who had earlier been against the creation of
Pakistan. It
is no wonder that the Jama’at-i-Islami and people akin to the politics of the Jama’at use
this
phrase extensively.
Hindu has always been an enemy of Islam.
The religion of the Hindus did not teach them good things -- Hindus did not
respect women…
Hindus worship in temples which are very narrow and dark places, where they
worship idols. Only one person can enter the temple at a time. In our mosques,
on the other hand, all Muslims can say their prayers together.
‘the social evils of the Hindus’
“The Hindus lived in small and dark houses. Child marriage was common in
those days. Women were assigned a low position in society. In case the
husband of a woman died, she was burnt alive with his dead body. This was
called ‘sati’. … The killing of shudras was not punished, but the murder of a
Brahman was a serious crime. … However, the people of low caste were not
The Hindus who have always been opportunists cooperated with the English.92
The Hindus praised the British rule and its blessings in their speeches
The Hindus had the upper hand in the Congress and they established good
relations with the British. This party tried its best to safeguard the interests of
the
Hindus. Gradually it became purely a Hindu organization. Most of the Hindu
leaders of the Congress were not prepared to tolerate the presence of the
Muslims in the sub-continent. They demanded that the Muslims should either
embrace Hinduism or leave the country.
The party was so close to the Government that it would not let the Government
do any work as would be of benefit to the Muslims. The partition of Bengal can
be quoted as an example.93
…but Hindus very cunningly succeeded in making the British believe that the
Muslims were solely responsible for the [1857] rebellion.94
 Evolution
Concept of Muslims as a Nation developed before the establishment of Pakistan. Pakistan
was the product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of
nationhood. Retrospectively the Muslim nationalism emerged with the advent of Islam that
introduced new principles pertinent to every sphere of life. It pledged the redemption of the
humankind establishing a benign society based on Qur’anic teachings. The beginning of
the Muslim nationalism in the Sub-Continent may be attributed to the first Indian who
accepted Islam. The Arab traders had introduced the new religion, Islam, in the Indian
coastal areas. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Muslim invader who conquered some
part of India and after that, ahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks and opened the gate to
preach Islam. The Muslim sufi (saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc. entered
Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the pure practical
picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge conversions. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk
permanently established Muslim dynasty in India that followed Sultanate and Mughal
dynasties. Thus a strong Muslim community had emerged in India who had its own way of
life, traditions, heroes, history and culture. Islam could not be absorbed in Hinduism. Deen-
e-Ilahi, Bakhti movements, etc. created reaction amongst the Muslim ulama to preserve the
pure Islamic character and save it from external onslaught. Role of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi
and others is noteworthy. Equality and social justice inspired conversions to Islam.
 TWO-NATION THEORY
• The Two-Nation Theory also known as The
Ideology of Pakistan was the basis for
the Partition of India in 1947.
• It stated that Muslims and Hindus were two
separate nations by every definition, and
therefore Muslims should have an autonomous
homeland in the Muslim majority areas of British
India for the safeguard of their political, cultural,
and social rights, within or without a United
India.
 TWO-NATION THEORY
• The two-nation theory is the ideology that the primary identity of
Muslims on the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather than their
language or ethnicity, and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are
two distinct nationalities, regardless of ethnic or other
commonalities.The two-nation theory was a founding principle of
the Pakistan Movement (i.e. the ideology of Pakistan as a
Muslim nation-state in South Asia), and the partition of India in
1947.The ideology that religion is the determining factor in defining
the nationality of Indian Muslims is also a source of inspiration to
several Hindu nationalist organizations, with causes as varied as the
redefinition of Indian Muslims as non-Indian foreigners in India, the
expulsion of all Muslims from India, establishment of a legally Hindu
state in India, prohibition of conversions to Islam, and the promotion
of conversions or reconversions of Indian Muslims to Hinduism.
 In Light of Speeches
• Muhammad Iqbal's statement explaining the attitude of Muslim delegates to
the London's round-table conference issued in December 1932 was a
rejoinder to Jawahar Lal Nehru's statement. Nehru had said that the attitude
of the Muslim delegation was based on “reactionarism”.
• Iqbal concluded his rejoinder with:
• “ In conclusion, I must put a straight question to Pandit Jawahar Lal,
how is India's problem to be solved if the majority community will neither
concede the minimum safeguards necessary for the protection of a minority
of 80 million people, nor accept the award of a third party; but continue to
talk of a kind of nationalism which works out only to its own benefit? This
position can admit of only two alternatives. Either the Indian majority
community will have to accept for itself the permanent position of an agent
of British imperialism in the East, or the country will have to be redistributed
on a basis of religious, historical and cultural affinities so as to do away with
the question of electorates and the communal problem in its present form.
 TWO NATION THEORY
FACTORS
• Religious differences
• Hindu Nationalism
• Cultural differences
• Social differences
• Economic differences
• Educational differences
• Political differences
• Language
EVENTS
• Hindi Urdu Controversy
• Partition of Bengal
• Separate Electorate and
Minto Morely Reforms
• Khilafat Movement
• Nehru Report and 14 Points
• Round Table Conferences
• Elections and Congress
Rule
ALLAMA ABU REHAN ALBERUNI
In 1001 A.D in his famous book "Kitab-ul-Hind"
wrote in Ghazna
“In India, Hindu and Muslim societies are entirely
different from each other in their types and in
their values. Their way of life, habits, customs,
dress and food are different. Even they are cons
to each other. There is no common value
between them. There is a huge gulf between
them which cannot be crossed”
“..consider Muslims as Mlachha or impure”
 MUJADDAD ALF SANI
In 16th and 17th Century explained
“If Muslims want to live like a nation then
they will have to get rid of all those
paganism. They will have to live
separately from Hindus. If this
consciousness of separate nationaism is
not produced among the Muslims then the
fear is that they would be swept away in
the flood of nationhood”
 SIR SYED Ahmed Khan
• In 1867 at Banaras at the time of Hindi Urdu Controversy to
his friend Shakespeare
“Hindi Urdu conflict is the starting of the space of
separation between Hindus and Muslims which will
gradually increase and a day will come when both the
nations will separate from each other after division”
• The man who spoke first the Muslims as a “nation” in the
modern times was none other than Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. In
1867, he said:
“I am convinced that both these nations will not join
whole heartedly in anything. At present there is no open
hostility between the two nations. But on accounts of so
called educated people it will increase in the future.”
 Chaudhry Rehmat Ali
“There are many nations living in the sub-continent.
Among them Hindu and Muslim are two big nations.
Which could not join with each other even after living
together for many centuries”

Chowdhari Rahmat Ali coined the name PAKISTAN in

1933 from Cambridge in Now or Never. His idea was
dismissed as a student’s wild dream. That did not
discourage Rahmat Ali who developed a whole range of
pious names Siddiqistan, Farooqistan, Hyderastan,
Osmanistan and so on for independent Muslim enclaves
in Hindu majority areas. He even proposed a Guruistan
for Sikhs and some name for a state for the Dravidian
peoples of South India. The Muslim League leaders
dismissed him as an eccentric and a charlatan and he in
turn never forgave Jinnah for accepting a Pakistan
consisting only of the north-eastern and north-western
zones of India
 ALLAMA IQBAL
• 1930 Presidential address at Allahabad at the annual
session of Muslim League

“I am fully convinced that the Muslims of India will

ultimately have to establish a separate homeland as they
could not live with the Hindus”

“India is a continent of human beings belonging to

different races, speaking different languages and
professing different religions…I therefore demand the
formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best
interest of India and Islam”
 ALLAMA IQBAL
“I would like to see the Punjab,NorthWest Frontier
Province,Sindh and Baluchistan (BD??)amalgamated
into a single state self-government witin the British
Empire or without the British Empire ,the formation
of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state
appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims
at least of NorthWest India.”

• The quorum of 70 members was not complete. Hafeez

Jallandhari had to keep on reciting his Shah Nama while
the organizers frantically searched for individuals to fill
the quorum so that the resolution could be passed
 QUAID-E-AZAM
• Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah,the great
leader of Muslims of Sub Continent gave
practical shape to the ideology given by Allama
Iqbal. He had a strong believe in Hindu Muslim
unity and was of the opinion that both Hindus
and Muslims should launch joint efforts to get rid
of British rule.
• After joining Muslim league in 1913,he continued
with his efforts to bring about Hindu MuslIm unity
but he was greatly disappointed to see the
prejudicial attitude of the Congress and Hindus
towards the Muslims
 QUAID-E-AZAM
In the Second Round Table Conference in 1932:

"The Hindu Muslim dispute must be settled before the

enforcements of any system or constitution. Until you
give guarantee for the safeguard of the Muslim interests
until you their (Muslims) cooperation, any constitution
you enforce shall not last for even 24 hours."
 QUAID-E-AZAM
" Pakistan was created the day the first Indian National
entered the field of Islam".

" The Muslims are a nation by every definitions and they

have a right to establish their separate homeland. They
can adopt any means to promote and protect their
economic social, political and cultural interests."
 QUAID-E-AZAM
• ADDRESS ON 23RD MARCH,1940-PAKISTAN
RESOLUTION
"The mussalmans are not a minority.They are a nation
by any definition.By all canons of International lwa we
are a nation".
"India is not a nation,nor a country.It is a Sub Continent
of nationalities.Hindus and Muslims being the two major
nations.The hindus and Muslims belongs to two different
religions,Philosphies,social customs and literature.They
neither intermarry nor interdine and they belong to two
different civilization which are based mainly on
conflicting ideas and conceptions.Their aspects on life
and of are different.It is quite clear that Hindus and
Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of
history."
 QUAID-E-AZAM
• ADDRESS ON 18TH JUNE 1945 to the
frontier Muslim student Federation,he said:

"Pakistan only means freedom and

independence but Muslims
Ideology,which has to be preseved
which has come to us as a precious gift
and treasure and which we hope,others
will share with us."
 Contents
• Objectives

• Main leaders of the Muslim League Annual Session

• Reasons

• Main contents of resolution

• Significant moments

• Importance of Lahore Resolution

• Reaction on Lahore resolution

• Conclusion
 Objectives
• To understand the circumstances in which the
‘Pakistan Resolution’ was moved and passed.
• To study the main content of the resolution
• To study the Reaction on Lahore resolution
Annual session of Muslim league
23 March1940
Liqat Ali Khan Presented the
annual report of Muslim
League

Resolution moved by Molvi

fazal –Ul- Haq

Resolution seconded by Ch.

khaliquzaman
 Session presided by Quaid i Azam

From different regions

• The Resolution was seconded by Maulana Zafar Ali Khan
from Punjab,
• Sardar Aurangzeb from the NWFP.
• Sir Abdullah Haroon from Sindh, and
• Qazi Esa from Baluchistan, along with many other
 Reasons for passing Pakistan Resolution
 Two nation theory ( Sir Syed Ahmed khan )

 Muslim quest for political, economic and cultural safeguard

 Allam Iqbal and Chaduhary Rehmat Ali :The idea of separate homeland

 The experience of Congress Rule (1937-1939) compelled the Muslims

to launch the movement for separate homeland.

 The Muslims’ disappointment from the Congress leadership decided to

open a new phase of history.

 Quaid-i-Azam’s article in Time and Tide concluded that Muslims are a

nation. No Constitution can be enforced by ignoring Muslims. His

comments on March 13, 1940 are remarkable: “If some satisfactory

settlement cannot be found for Muslims in united India, the Muslim will

have to demand for division of the country.”

Significant Moments of Resolution
 Resolution
• They decided that the Federal system under Government of
India Act, 1935 was not acceptable for the Muslims.

• No revised constitutional plan would be acceptable unless it

was framed with their approval and consent.

• Adjacent units where Muslims are in a majority, as in

Northwest and East, should be constituted as Independent
States where the constituent units will be autonomous and
sovereign.

• Protection of minorities would be given priority

 Importance of Resolution
 The passing of the resolution was a huge step for the Muslim League.
 The Pakistan Resolution offered a fair and attractive solution to the Problem,
the Muslims had grappled with constant strain of being refer to second-class
status.
 Had Given the enthusiasm to Muslims
 This resolution was passed unanimously and soon became known as ‘Pakistan
Resolution’.
 The Muslims of subcontinent had finally got their rallying call.
 The years of oppression from British and Hindus were to be put behind them
and it was ML which was undisputed leader of Pakistan Movement.
 It joined all the Muslims together to demand for a separate homeland.
 Reaction on Lahore resolution
1. The Hindu press published news that the Muslim league
had a dangerous design to disintegrate the country by the
creation of Pakistan.

2. Congress, which was dreaming to establish ‘Hindu Raj’ had

manipulated Lahore resolution as ;

i. ML creating problems in the way of independence and

wanted to retain the British predominance over the
subcontinent.

ii. Raised slogan that people of India wanted to form one

United Nation

iii. Congress hostility grew towards Muslim league.

1. Gandhi instigate prejudice against partition by calling it
the ‘vivisection of motherland’ ‘cutting up a baby into
two halves’ (Anwar.M,PakistanStudies,volume1,whiterose
publisher Lahore,pg 99)

2. The British’s did not oppose it openly because it was

based on Two Nation Theory and British had accepted
Muslims a separate nation on various occasions .

3. World war II had put the Britain in a very critical

situation. She did not want to invite trouble by openly
opposing the cause of Muslim League.
 Conclusion
• The British had been compelled to recognize the
Muslim League as the sole representative of the
Muslims of India by 1940 and Quaid-i-Azam
Mohammad Ali Jinnah as its undisputed leader.

• The resolution passed in Lahore on March 23,

created a scare in the minds of the Congress and
the Hindus. They could see that the Muslim League
had now openly advocated the division of India into
"Independent States”
• He, Quaid knew that without a well-defined goal
that could be understood even by the simplest
Muslim, there could be no real awakening of the
Muslims. The Pakistan Resolution gave them a
legible, objective and reachable goal: Pakistan.
 Expected question
• Explain the reasons for the passage of the Lahore Resolution in March
1940.

• Why was Pakistan resolution passed?

• How important was Pakistan resolution in the history of Pakistan

movement from 1920-1940?Explain your answer
• Why was Lahore Resolution passed in 1940?Explain the content of
Lahore resolution .

• How successful were attempts to find solutions to the problems facing

the subcontinent in the years 1940 to 1947?
 Bhimrao Ramji Ambedker
Architect of India’s constitution
Buddhist Movement of 500,000

“If Muslims truly and deeply desire Pakistan, their choice

ought to be accepted. “ in Thoughts on Pakistan
 Hindu Maha Sabha and RSS*
V.D. Savarakar (Hindutva Doctrine)
“Although there are two nations in India, India
shall not be divided into two parts, one for
Muslims and the other for the Hindus; that the
two nations shall dwell in one country and shall
live under the mantle of one single constitution”
Savarkar had commanded all the Muslims to
leave ‘Bharat’ to pave the way for the
establishment of Hindu Rashtra

*Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh

 Jaswant Singh
• Indian former Union Minister and a co-
founder of right wing Bhartiya Janta Party
• Book titled ‘Jinnah: India – Partition –
Independence’
• Great leader who altered the course of
history of the Indian sub-continent
• But disapproves the Two Nation Theory
 Creation of Bangladesh
The theory would have been considered
disproved only if East Pakistan had
reunited with India
 Ideology of Pakistan
• Islamic Democracy
• Opposition of Racism and Prejudices
• Difference between Islam and Hinduism
• Implementation of Holy Quran
• No need of any ISM except Islam
• Protection of Islamic Civilization
• Islamic Economic System
• A laboratory for Islamic Principles
 Food for Thought
• The Muslims of South Asia do not have
any automatic right to enter Pakistan as
the Jews have to enter Israel under the so-
called Law of Return. Is this consistent
with the founding ideology of Pakistan, the
two-nation theory?
• 250,000 babies/week or Biharis