MINERAL IN THE EARTH CRUST

Mineral
Element or compound which exist
naturally in the earth crust

Natural element Natural compound

• Gold • Carbonates
• Diamond • Oxides
• Silver • Sulphides
• Silicates
 NATURAL COMPOUND
Oxygen, carbon, silicon or sulphur which
combine chemically with one or more metal

Silicates
metal + silicon + O2  metal silicate
Exp: Calcium silicate
Oxides
metal + O2  metal oxide
Exp: Magnesium Oxide
Carbonates
Metal + O2 + C  metal carbonate
Exp: Sodium Carbonate
Sulphides
Metal + sulphur  metal sulphide
Exp: copper sulphide
 Zinc Carbonate

CARBONATES

Calcite
Malachite
 Bauxite
OXIDES

Cassiterite

Haematite
 Pirit
SULPHIDES

Copper sulphide

Galena
SILICATES

Calcium silicate

Magnesium
silicate

Clay
 PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Hardness of minerals

• Ability of minerals to resist being scratched

• Soft mineral easily scratched
 Continue…
Effect on heat

• Ability of mineral to decompose after being heated

• Most oxide don’t break down when heated.
• Metal Sulphide  Metal Oxide + SO2
• SO2 change acidified Potassium Manganate (VII) from
purple to colourless
• Metal Carbonate  Metal Oxide + CO2
• CO2 : Lime water turn cloudy
 Continue …

Reactivity and solubility

• Non reactive
• Most not dissolve in water
• Dissolve in water

Types of mineral Compound

Sodium Oxide, carbonate,sulphide
Potassium Oxide, carbonate,sulphide
Calcium Oxide,sulphide
Magnesium Carbonate
REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS
AND NON-METALS
Reaction between metals and oxygen

metal + O2  metal oxide

Magnesium
powder

Example:
Iron + O2  Iron oxide
 Continue…

Reaction between metals and sulphur

Copper
Metal + S2  metal sulphide

Sulphur
Example:
Lead + S2  lead sulphide

Copper sulphide
 SILICON COMPOUND

Silicon:
Metalloid element that has shiny, bluish-grey
colour, brittle with a high melting point

Silica Silicate

Silicon + O2  Silicon oxide Metal + Silicon + O2 

Silicate

Example: Example:
Sand, Gem stone, Quartz Clay, Asbestos, Jade, Mica
Not soluble in Do not react with
water acid

Properties of Silicon

Do not decompose
when heated
 Clay: Ceramic

Sand : Glassware Mica: Capacitor

Usage of Silicon Compound

Quartz: Watches

Fiber optic: Cable

 CALCIUM COMPOUND

Calcium Carbonate:
Compound that made up from calcium, carbon, and oxygen

Bone Corals Shell limestone

 PROPERTIES CALCIUM
COMPOUND
Reaction with acid
Solubility in
• Release CO2
water
• CaCO3 + HCl  CaCl + CO2
• Does not
dissolve in
water

Distilled
water
Calcium
carbonate
 Action of heat
Continue… • CaCO3  CaO +CO2
 Formation CaO and CaOH

1
2

Action of water
• CaO +H2O  CaOH 3

Action of heat
• CaCO3  CaO +CO2
Filtration
 Calcium carbonate
Calcium oxide
• As antacid to relieve
• Drying agent for
gastric pains
ammonia gas
• Cement

USES OF CALCIUM COMPOUND

Calcium hydroxide
• Reduce acidity of water
(water treatment)
• Treat acidity of soil
 FORMATION OF FOSSIL FUELS

2 The remains
were buried
deeper and
deeper into the
earth under
thick layers of
sand & mud
3
1 Million of Effect of high
years ago, pressure and
remain of heat exerted by
dead marine the layer, decay
animals and caused by
plants sank on bacteria change
the bottom of the fossils into
the sea petroleum
 FORMATION OF FOSSIL FUELS

2 The remains
were buried
deeper and
deeper into the
earth under
thick layer of
the rock 3
1

Millions of year Effects of

ago, remains of pressure exerted
dead plants were by the layers of
naturally buried rock, heat
underground absorbed
 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
Separation of a mixture into its component by
heating them to a temperature at which several
fractions of the compound will evaporate.

The crude petroleum was

heating at 400oC
1
The vapour was condense
into the fraction
The condense hydrocarbon 2
was collected and stored in
the tank
3
USAGE OF PETROLEUM FRACTION