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R-r = 1.718 r
r1
r2
R r ε1 ε2 ε3
In the figure shown
r1 r2 R
V E x .dx E x .dx E x .dx
r r1 r2
q r1 q r2 q R
ln ln ln
2o 1 r 2o 2 r1 2o 3 r2
r1 r2 R
V Emax r ln r1 ln r2 ln
r r1 r2
Cable Capacitance
q
C
V
2o
1 r1 1 r 2 1 R
ln ln ln
1 r 2 r1 3 r 2
2. Intersheath Grading
r1
r2
r ε ε ε
V
V1
V2
R V=0
Intersheath Grading is a method of creating uniform voltage gradient across the
insulation by means of separating the insulation into two or more layers by thin
conductive strips. These strips are kept at different voltage levels through the
secondary of a transformer.
In this method only one dielectric is used but the
dielectric is separated into two or more layers by
thin metallic intersheaths.
Emax1 = (V-V1)/(r. ln(r1/r))
Emax2 = (V1 –V2)/(r1. ln(r2/r1))
Emax3 = V2/(r2.ln(R/r2))
For the same maximum electric strength:
(r1/r) =(r2/r1) =(R/r2) = α
R/r = α3
Then: (V-V1)/(r.ln α) =(V1-V2)/(r1.ln α)=(V2/r2.ln α)
(V-V1)/r =(V1-V2)/r1= V2/r2
If the cable does not have any intersheath, the
maximum stress is:
Emax = V/(r.ln(R/r)) = V/(3r.ln α)
The intersheath radius can be found from
R/r = α 3
(r1/r) =(r2/r1) =(R/r2) = α
The voltages V1, V2 can be found from:
(V-V1)/r =(V1-V2)/r1= V2/r2
Emax /Emax without intersheath =3/(1+ α + α 2)
where === α > 1
Sheath Internal Radius (R)
R =1.881V / Emax
Will be proved in sections.
Difficulties of Grading
a-Capacitance grading :
a= 1.384
(V-V1)/(r.lna) =(V1-V2)/(r1.lna)=(V2/r2.lna)
(V-V1)/(1.lna) =(V1-V2)/(1.384.lna)
=(V2/1.915.lna)
V= 53.8 kV
C= q/V
C= 2 πε/ln(R/r) F/m
Since ε = ε0 . εr
C= εr /(18.ln(R/r)) μF/km
Charging Current
Id
Power factor of dielectric :
Pd = ωCV2δ δ is in radians
C: Cable capacitance.
V: operating voltage
Since δ = 90- фd and δ < 0.5o for most cables.
Here Cos фd should be very small under all
operating conditions.
Ich= j2.88
фs = 47.55o
Cy = C s + 2 Cc
Cx = 3 C s
The capacitance per phase is given
by:
C0 = Cs + 3Cc =(Cx/3) + 3((Cy /2) - (Cx /2))