Fire Prevention and

Protection
 Benefit:
1. Describe and explain the fire reaction
2. Discuss the classes of fire and the different
extinguishing materials specific for each class.
3. Discuss the maintenance requirement of the fire
fighting equipment
4. Discuss steps in putting out the fire and the
principles involved in extinguishing.
5. Describe the fire brigade organization, and its
relevance to the relevance to the fire emergency
plan and the manning requirement of the
organization
Fire
 is a result from a fast chemical reaction
between a combustible substance and
oxygen, accompanied by the generation
of heat.
Elements of fire:

 Oxygen

 Fuel

 Heat
Ignition energy:
 Flash point -- the lowest temperature at which a flash result
when a mixture of flammable liquid vapor and air comes in
contact with an ignition source.
 Fire point – is the lowest temperature at which a flammable
liquid vapor can be ignited and combustion is sustained.
 Auto ignition or spontaneous temperature- it is the lowest
temperature at which the substance will ignite spontaneously.
 Lower explosive limit (lel) – it is the smallest concentrations of
flammable gas or vapor which when mixed with air, is capable of
ignition and sustained combustion.
 Upper explosive limit (uel)- it is the highest concentration of
flammable Gs or vapor which when mixed with air, is capable of
ignition and sustained combustion.
The Fire Process:
A fire may be described as a mixture
form of a combustible substance and
oxygen, with sufficient energy being put
into the mixture to start a burning
process.. once started, the energy
output from the fire provides a
continuous source of combustion with
excess energy given off as heat.
Classification of fire:
 Class A – fires involving solid materials, normally of
an organic nature, eg. Wood, paper, coal and natural
fibers.
 Class B – fires involving flammable liquids, e.g
solvents, grease, petrol
 Class C – fires involving electrical equipment e.g
electronic equipment, switch rooms and power
boards.
 Class D - fires involving metals e.g magnesium and
aluminum.
 Class E- fires involving flammable gases or liquefied
gases e.g methane, propane and natural gas.
Principle of extinguishing
fires:
 smothering - reducing the oxygen
supply
 cooling - reducing the rate of
energy input
 starvation - reducing the fuel supply.
Heat transfer:
 direct contact
 conduction
 convection
 radiation

Phases of Burning:
 Incipient phase
 Free burning phase
 Smoldering phase
 PORTABLE FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
An appliance designed to be carried and
operated by hand. They contain an
extinguishing medium, which can be expelled
by action of internal pressure and directed
onto a fire.
TYPE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
 Pump type
 Stored Pressure Type
 Cartridge Type
 Self-Expelling Type
Kind of fire extinguishers, distinguishing
color and their applications:
 Water – (red) used to extinguish fires of common
combustible materials
 Dry Chemical - (blue) suitable for extinguishing
flammable liquids and fires in electrical equipment.
 Foam – (crème) suitable for extinguishing flammable
liquids and combustible materials.
 Vaporizing liquids – (green) suitable to extinguish
all kind of fires.
 Carbon dioxide – (black) suitable for extinguishing
most tires involving lived electrical equipment
,delicate laboratory equipment and small fires
involving flammable liquid escaping over both vertical
and horizontal surfaces.
Some Fire Safety Practices:
 Flammable liquids must not be stored in open
containers.- legible labels must also be identify the
contents of the. containers.
 Open flames and smoking are prohibited in all
areas WHERE FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS OR GASES
ARE STORED OR DISPENSED.
 Whenever there is a danger of static build-up and
discharge in the presence of flammable liquids or
gases, all equipment must be bonded together and
earthed.
 Fire fighting equipment must be located in
accessible places and regularly maintained.
 Rubbish should be burned in an approved
incinerator.
 When welding or cutting must not be done near
exposed flammable liquids or gases.
 Flammable dust in the work area should be
removed or shield to prevent ignition.
 When flammable materials cannot be removed from
exposure to welding or cutting sparks, it should be
protected by shield of non-combustible or fire
resistant materials.
 Fire hazards inspections are an important part of
an effective fire prevention program.
 Each employee should know how to initiate a fire
alarm and what to do in case of fire.
 Flammable liquids must not be used to start or
maintain fires except in, or with, equipment
specifically designed to use flammable liquids in this
way.
 Open fires should not be left unattended unless
adequate precautions are taken.
MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION OF
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
 GIVE ONE PERSON IN THE PLANT THE
RESPONSIBILITY TO MAINTAIN AND INSPECT
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS.
 Maintain a stock of consumable materials and
supplies of spare parts, such likes; hoses. Pins,
seals, tags, etc. that will be used in replacing the
parts that need to be replaced.
 Established a record system and organized plan for
checking and inspecting fire extinguishers.
 periodically check the pressure of the fire
extinguishers and recharge them as necessary
 conduct hydrostatic pressure on the cylinders.
 Ensure that the fire extinguishers are sealed and
the seals are not tampered.
MAINTENANCE OF FIRE
HOSES FOR OUTDOOR USE:
 Periodically inspect and test woven jacket, lined
hose to make sure that it is in good condition.
 Run water through the hose at least twice a year.
Store yard hose in standard hose for protection
against weather.
 Use fire hose only for fighting fires.
 Wash hose after using and dry them thoroughly
before keeping them.
 If hose may be subjected to acids, and other
corrosive materials, use rubber covered, woven
jacket, lined hose.
MAINTENANCE OF FIRE
HOSES FOR INDOOR USE:
 Reserve the hose for fire fighting
 Keep hose valves tight, since leakage will not linen
hose.
 Examine hose visually each year for mildew, rot,
and damage by chemicals, vermin, and abrasions.
 Give hose a pressure test after the fifth and eight
year of service.
 Keep hose clean. Wash woven jacket, lined hose
with laundry soap if necessary.
 Do hose jacket thoroughly after use and keep them
dry.
ORGANIZATION OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TEAM AND FIRE BRIGADE TEAM
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION:
 Should be tailored specifically to the needs, functions and
capability of the particular installation.
 Should be formed and staffed in accordance with the plan, and
the responsibilities and functions of the staff are defined in the
plan
 THE BASIC CONCEPTS IS “ SELF PROTECTION”- this is
accomplished by organizing and training small groups of
employees for the performance of specialized task.
 Consist of personnel on a “best qualified” basis, taking into
consideration prior training, experience or other special
capabilities of the employee involved.
 Giving full consideration to the utilization of voluntary services
offered by interested and qualified employees, the assignment
of self protection responsibilities viewed as an “additional duty”
by the employee agency
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
ORGANIZATION REQUIREMENTS
 Planned and directed movement of
building occupants.
 First aid and medical self help
 Fire fighting and control
 Rescue of injured/trapped personnel
 Minimizing damage to or by utilities
Typical Organizational Structure
 Chairman
 Assistant Chairman
 Communication
 Search and Rescue
 Evacuation
 Damage Control
 Medical
 Emergency Action Team
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Organization
 Establishes policy guidelines and programs on emergency
preparedness, control and management in order to protect the
lives of employees and other building occupants and minimize
damage to properties.
 Provide a manual of company and plant emergency response
plans and provide a copy of the same to DENR, BWC, and
DOLE.
 Disseminates information on basic provisions of the plan to all
personnel.
 Coordinates with the DND through the Office of Civil Defense
and other proper authorities on the implementation of
programs concerning emergency management.
 Initiates and supervises training of employees on personal
survival and conducts periodic emergency drills and exercises.
 Conducts studies on disaster management.
 Conducts meetings on emergency preparedness at least once
a month.
 Submits to the top management reports on its meetings and
activities.
2. Duties of Each Team/Member
 Chairman
 Organizes action teams in the plant proper as well as in all
departments and offices under which shall perform
activities as directed by each office of the Organization.
 Insures that the basic provisions of the Emergency
Response Plan are properly disseminated to workers.
 Coordinates with the Building Administrator in the planning
for and securing the installation of necessary alarm
system.
 Makes arrangement with proper authorities like the
Philippine National Red Cross, Office of the Civil Defense,
local and national disaster operations center and local fire
department and other sources to ensure that appropriate
training courses and disaster drills are set up.
 Arranges for posting on appropriate bulletin boards (or
otherwise publicizes within the establishments) a roster of
organization of personnel who have responsibilities for in-
shelter or other emergency operations.
 Takes all the necessary actions to insure that the facility’s
organization operates safely and efficiently in
emergencies.
 Assistant Chairman
 Serves as the principal assistant to the Chairman and acts for
him in his absence.
 Communication Team
 Receives warning information from authoritative sources and
disseminates such warning to all departments and personnel.
 Maintains appropriate communication link with the departments
and personnel.
 Rescue Team
 Insures that the members are proficient in first aid treatment.
 Locates injured or trapped personnel and moves them to a place
where they be cared for.
 Evacuation Team
 Plans personnel movement routes and establishes movement
procedures to effect the company emergency response plan.
 Supervises and directs the movement of personnel within, into,
or out the company premises during drills and actual
emergencies.
 Assures that all company personnel comply with procedures
indicated by the alarm signals.
 Plans and implements emergency drills and exercises, fire exit or
evacuation drills
 Fire Brigade Team
 Recognizes the need for plant’s fire prevention program and designs
such system and procedures.
 Assures that fire fighter know their stations, locations of fire fighting
equipment in their area of responsibility and the alarm signals which
direct them to their stations.
 Organizes and trains the members and instructs each fire fighter to go
into action at the point of fire in his area of responsibility.
 Establishes the necessary schedule for periodic inspection of plant fire
protective equipment and sees that inspection schedule are properly
carried out.
 Assists in establishing the necessary relationship in the public fire
department and with the area industries for mutual aid.
 Damage Control Team
 Establishes a plan to attend to necessary measures concerning devices,
ventilation, water, gas, steam valves, power switches, and others during
an emergency.
 Dispatches individuals or teams to pre-arranged control points for
preplanned and directed action at the sound of emergency alarms.
 Surveys and corrects damage to utilities and reports conditions which
require emergency repairs and other assistance.
 Medical Team
 Provides medical treatment to injured personnel.
 Arranges for hospitalization of seriously injured workers.
 Cooperates in the training of Rescue Team or first aid procedures
Thank you !!!