11.

Dec,2006 Security Level: Internal Use Only

xxxx ATM Principle

ISSUE2.0

www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

 The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
principle has dominated the telecom
network for a long time as a mainstream
datacom technology. Nowadays, the IP
technology prevails over the telecom
network. It is time for us to unveil the ATM
principle thoroughly.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

 Upon the completion of the course, you can:
 Describe the ATM cell
 Master the VP switching and the VC
switching
 Master the ATM switching
 Master the service type of the ATM

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 3

 Chapter 1 ATM Overview
Chapter 2 ATM Concepts
Chapter 3 ATM Protocol Stacks
Chapter 4 ATM Service and Properties

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 4

What Is ATM?

 ATM is an asynchronous transfer mode with cell as its unit.

Asynchronism indicates that the information or cell flow from any
user needs not to be periodical.

 ATM integrates the advantages of the circuit switching and the

packet switching. It carries various information media and
communication services in a single backbone network, guarantees
QoS, and meets the needs of the real-time service and non-real
time service.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 5

Differences Between ATM, Circuit Switching and
Packet Switching
Circuit Switching
 Connection oriented
 Timeslot-oriented switching, line resources
monopolization
Packet Switching
 Connectionless oriented
 Switching packets, sharing line resources
ATM : Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 Connection oriented
 Packet switching

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 6

Connectionless Network and Connection-Oriented ATM Network

Connectionless network Connection-oriented ATM network

Connectionless, segment-by- Connection oriented, forwarding at
segment forwarding high speed
The packet is too long and of The cell has a fixed length about 53
unfixed length.
bytes
The QoS of the network cannot be
guaranteed. The QoS of the network can be
guaranteed.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 7

Organizations for Establishing the ATM Standards

ITU-T

 Absorbs itself in standardizing ATM on the public network. Its representative

standards include the Q.2931/Q.2971, BISUP, and I.610.

ATM Forum

 Absorbs itself in standardizing ATM on the private network and promoting the
ATM products and usage. Its representative standards include the UNI3.1,
UNI4.0, ILMI, PNNI, MPOA, VTOA, LANE, and TM4.0.

IETF

 Absorbs itself in standardizing the IP over ATM and solving the bottleneck of
traditional routers. Its representative standards include the RFC1483,
RFC1577, IP Switch, and MPLS.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 8

 Chapter 1 ATM Overview
Chapter 2 ATM Concepts
Chapter 3 ATM Protocol Stacks
Chapter 4 ATM Service and Properties

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 9

ATM Cell Structure
GFC：
GFC (4) VPI (12)
VPI (8) Generic flow
control (only valid VCI (16)
VCI (16) in the UNI
interface)
PTI CLP PTI CLP
VPI/VCI： HEC
HEC Virtual path
identifier/virtual
channel identifier
PT：
48-byte load 48-byte load
Payload type
CLP：
Cell lose priority
HEC：
ATM UNI Cell Header error ATM NNI Cell
identifier

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 10

ATM Connection

Virtual channel connection

Virtual path connection

A E
B C D
UNI
UNI
NNI NNI
VC VP VC
switching switching switching

VPI = 1 VPI = 2 VPI = 3 VPI = 4

VCI = 40 VCI = 44 VCI = 44 VCI = 50

The VPI and the VCI are only locally valid.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 11

VP and VC

Virtual channel（VC）

ATM virtual channel connection (VCC) Virtual path (VP)

E3
Virtual path (VP)
OC-3
OC-12
Virtual Channel (VC)

VC is the logical channel

A VCC A VP contains VCs. between the ATM nodes.
contains VPs.

The virtual identifier VPI/VCI.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 12

VP Switching and VC Switching

VC switching

VCI 1 VCI 2 VCI 3 VCI 4

VPI 1 VPI 3 VPI 2 Port 2

VP switching

VPI 2
Port 1 VCI 4

VCI 1 VCI 3
VPI 1 VPI 3
VCI 2

VCI 1
VCI 1
VPI 4 VPI 5
VCI 2
VCI 2
Port 3

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 13

ATM Switching
ATM switching ATM layer
Port 1 Port VPI VCI
A A P UNI P A
A T H T 1 2 37
H
L M Y Y M 2 1 51

VPI = 2 Port 2
VCI = 37 P A
H T
Y M

NNI ATM switching ATM layer

Port 3 Port VPI VCI
P A
H T 3 1 51
Y M 4 3 39
VPI = 3
VCI = 39 Port 4
A A P P A
A T H UNI T
H
L M Y Y M

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 14

ATM Connection Modes

PVC (permanent virtual channel): The NMS sets up

PVCs. Whether any service passes or any
terminal device is accessed, the PVCs are
always enabled till they are released by NMS.
PVCs are just like lease lines in the telephony
network.

SVC (switching virtual channel)：SVCs are set up and

released by signaling. They are just like subscriber
lines in the telephony network.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 15

 Chapter 1 ATM Overview
Chapter 2 ATM Concepts
Chapter 3 ATM Protocol Stacks
Chapter 4 ATM Service and Properties

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 16

Reference Model of ATM Stacks

Management plane
Control plane User plane
Plane-management
Upper layer Upper layer

Layer-management
ATM adaptation layer

ATM layer

Physical layer

3 planes: user plane, control plane, and management plane

3 layers: physical layer, ATM layer, and ATM adaptation layer

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 17

Functions of the ATM Layers

CS Convergence sublayer
AAL
SAR Segmentation and reassembly cells

Generic traffic control

Form and pick up cell headers
ATM
Interpret the VPI/VCI of cells
layer
Multiplex and demultiplex cells

Decouple the cell rate, form/check the HEC sequence,

TC delimitate cells, adapt/form/ restore the transmission frames.
Physical
layer Bit timing, physical media.
PM
Voice cells Video cells Data cells

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 18

AAL Types and B-ISDN Service

Voice, video and

circuit emulation Packet video Data
Application service

Type 5
ATM AAL Type 1 Type 2 Type 3/4
service
ATM ATM layer
network
Physical layer

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 19

Flow for Processing the ATM Cells
Voice, video, data, and images

AAL＋ATM

ATM cell Frame to be transmitted

ATM cell
Frame header
Transmission
processing ATM cell and overhead

Physical medium
Physical interface processing

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 20

Data Service on the ATM Network
RFC1483B encapsulation RFC1483R encapsulation

Ethernet IP

RFC1483 RFC1483

AAL AAL

ATM ATM

PH PH
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 21
 Chapter 1 ATM Overview
Chapter 2 ATM Concepts
Chapter 3 ATM Protocol Stacks
Chapter 4 ATM Service and Properties

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 22

ATM Service Types
Constant bit rate (CBR) Constant bit rate service
Variable bit rate-real time (rt-VBR) Variable bit rate-real time service

VBR-non real time (nrt-VBR) VBR-non real time service

Unspecified bit rate (UBR) Unspecified bit rate service

Available bit rate (ABR) Available bit rate service

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 23

Traffic Parameters

PCR Peak cell rate

SCR Sustainable cell rate

MCR Minimum cell rate

MBS Maximum burst size

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 24

CBR Service

Traffic parameter QoS

Tolerance

PCR Low High

Cell loss
Cell variation

Overhead

5-byte header
Real time video and voice
1 byte
47-byte payload

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 25

VBR Service
Traffic parameter QoS
PCR Tolerance

Low High
SCR

MBS
Cell loss Cell variation (NRT)
Cell variation (RT)

Packet voice and video

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 26

UBR Service

Traffic parameter QoS

Tolerance

Low High
No guaranty of QoS

Cell variation
Cell loss

Public WAN

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 27

 ABR Service
Traffic parameter QoS

PCR Tolerance

Low High
MCR

Cell loss Cell variation

Overhead

5-byte LAN
. No cell
header overhead
. Uses
48-byte congestion
payload feedback
instead

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 28

Questions

 What are the functions of each byte in the ATM cell header?
 How does the ATM switch switches the ATM cells？
 What services can the AAL1 and the AAL5 adapt respectively？
 What packets do the RFC1483B and the RFC1483R protocol encapsulate
respectively？

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 29

 谢谢
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