Lect-week3 - ENE4013 - SP2019 - 복사본

Lecture - Week 3
ANNOUNCEMENTS
• HW1 will be uploaded this Fri. afternoon(3/23). Due date is by
18:00pm on 4/3.
• How about submitting your HW1 via “eclass.dongguk.edu”?
OUTLINE
• Boundary Conditions
• Plane Waves
• Skin-depth (!!)
• Faraday cage
Reading: Chapt. 2
Microwave Circuit & Design SP 2019 Lecture week3, Slide 1 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
Discussions on Lecture Week 2
• Microwave?
• Meaning of Divergence & Curl : Way of “describing a Vector
Field” in a given point in space
• Maxwell’s 4 equations in diff. & Integral forms
• Solenoidal vs. irrotational
• Faraday, Lantz, Ampere's Law in a transformer
• What is time harmonic description and why is it important?
Boundary Conditions
General Expression of the Boundary Conditions
  
n  ( D2  D1 )   s (1.31)
   
n  B2  n  B1 (1.32)
   
n  ( E2  E1 )   M S (1.36)
   
n  (H 2  H1 )  J S (1.37)
Fields at Dielectric Interface
• Assuming lossless, no charge or surface current densities exists
Electric Wall (PEC)
(Perfect conductor at one side)
• Assuming a good conductor with surface charge (𝜌𝑆 ) and
current density (𝐽Ԧ𝑆 )
Magnetic Wall BC (PMC)
• Cannot exists in real world but can be used to approximate
certain condition in practice : corrugated surface
Field Illustrations on PMC & PEC
[Field in PEC and Image Area]
[Field in PMC and Image Area]
Plane-wave in HFSS
• Simulating the plane-wave propagation in Free space with
HFSS
Helmholtz Equation
• In a source-free, linear, isotropic, homogeneous region,
Maxwell’s curl equation is given by
• By taking curl of 1.41a and using 1.41b
• Using vector identity
– Where a constant is the propagation constant

Plane Waves in a Lossless Medium
• E-field only exists at x-direction as a function of z
y
z
• Solution of this differential equation is given by
• Since this solution expressed in Phasor is for the time

harmonic case, this result in time domain is written as
Phase Velocity
• In order to have same amplitude for a given time z must be also

increased which means a wave traveling in the +z direction
• In order to have same amplitude for a given time z must be also

increased which means a wave traveling in the +z direction
• 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 : condition to have the same magnitude

over time.
• Phase velocity :
( the speed of light)

Wavelength
• Wavelength (λ) : A distance between two successive maxima
or minima on the wave a t a fixed instant of time
Intrinsic Impedance
• From one of Maxwell’s curl equation, whenever E or H is
known, the other field vector can be readily found
Thus
where
• Wave impedance is the ratio of the E and H field
• For a plane wave, the wave impedance is the same with the
intrinsic impedance
• In free space the intrinsic impedance is
Example 1.1
Plane Waves in a General Lossy Medium
• For a lossy medium which has a conductivity σ
• By taking curl of 1.50a, which is given by
2 2
𝛻 𝐸−γ 𝐸 =0
Complex Propagation Constant
• Where α is the attenuation constant, and β is the phase

constant.
(1.53)
• The solution is given by
Complex Propagation Constant
In Terms of the Complex Permittivity
• Since
The solution of t he wave equation in time domain must be
expressed as
• The loss can be treated through the use of a complex

permittivity. With σ=0 but set 𝜖 = 𝜖 ′ − 𝑗𝜖 ′′
Where is the loss tangent of the material
Complex Intrinsic Impedance
• H-field can be easily derived from E-field by taking curl of it
(1.58)
• The intrinsic impedance of the conducting medium is now

complex,
(1.57)
Attenuation Constant (α)
• Since
The solution of t he wave equation in time domain must be
expressed as
• The loss can be treated through the use of a complex

permittivity. With σ=0 but set 𝜖 = 𝜖 ′ − 𝑗𝜖 ′′
Where is the loss tangent of the material
• Attenuation constant = α (Np/m) = α*20log(e)=α*8.685 dB/m
Plane Waves in a Good Conductor
• As shown before, the complex permittivity (ϵ”) cannot be
differentiable from the conductor (σ)
• Therefore this condition is equivalent to ϵ”>>ϵ’
• In terms of σ, we can neglect the permittivity ϵ which gives
(1.59)
Skin-depth
– This means the phase angle of the intrinsic impedance of

an arbitrary good conductor is always 45o
Example for Skin depth
At 10 GHz, the skin

depth is less than 1μm
for usual conductors
Decibel (dB) & Naper (Np)
• Power ratio in dB
P1
10 log dB
P2
• Voltage ratio in dB
• Conversion between Np and dB

ln( e )   Np
20 log( e )    20 log( e) dB    8.686 dB
• Absolute power in dBm or dBW
0dBm=1mW, 30 dBm=0 dBW
dBW vs. dBm
• P=V2/R=I2R 10log10(P2/P1)=20log10(V2/V1)=20log10(I2/I1)
• dBW : Absolute power in Watt (W)
– Power level with respect to 1W
– 1W=0dBW
• dBm : Absolute power in milliwatt (mW)

– Power level with respect to 1 mW
– Power P in dBm = 10 log10(P/1mW)
– 1mW = 10log10(1mW/1mW)=0dBm
– 3dBm=2mW
– 30dBm=1W=0dBW
dBm vs. dBV
• dBV : Absolute voltage in voltage
• dBV : Some times dBV considers a voltage signal as a power
signal
• Theoretically, we CANNOT convert between dBm and dBV if
the reference resistance (R) is not fixed
• Traditionally, we consider R=50 ohm, which makes it possible
to convert dBV to corresponding dBm
• Conversion from X dBm to Y dBVrms
– Y dBVrms=X dBm-13 dB assuming R=50 ohm
– P=V2/R  V2 =P*R
– dBVrms=20log10(V)=10log10(P)+10log10(50)=dBW+17 dB
=(dBm-30 dB)+17 dB= dBm -13 dB

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Lecture - Week 3

[Field in PEC and Image Area]

[Field in PMC and Image Area]

• By taking curl of 1.41a and using 1.41b

• Using vector identity

– Where a constant is the propagation constant

• Since this solution expressed in Phasor is for the time

• In order to have same amplitude for a given time z must be also

• In order to have same amplitude for a given time z must be also

• 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 : condition to have the same magnitude

( the speed of light)

• By taking curl of 1.50a, which is given by

• Where α is the attenuation constant, and β is the phase

• The loss can be treated through the use of a complex

Where is the loss tangent of the material

• The intrinsic impedance of the conducting medium is now

• The loss can be treated through the use of a complex

Where is the loss tangent of the material

• Attenuation constant = α (Np/m) = α*20log(e)=α*8.685 dB/m

– This means the phase angle of the intrinsic impedance of

At 10 GHz, the skin

• Conversion between Np and dB

• dBm : Absolute power in milliwatt (mW)

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen

• Attenuation constant = α (Np/m) = α20log(e)=α8.685 dB/m