COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION and
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
HELLO!
I am Jahanzeb Naeem
◈ Have 14+ years experience in software
development.
◈ Running my software house for last 4+ years.
◈ MPhil from UMT.
◈ Interest in Development, AI, Machine
Learning and Bigdata Analysis.

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HELLO!
Kindly introduce yourself.
You can introduce yourself in Urdu / English.
Required for Introduction:
Full Name
Background (Matric/FSC)
Major (CS, SE, IT, etc.)

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About The Course

COURSE STRUCTURE: Lectures: 3 & Lab: 0

CREDIT HOURS: 3
PREREQUISITES: Digital Logic Design
EVALUATION (will be confirmed later)
Quizzes, Assignments, Project, Mid Term and Final Term
Examination.

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Course Outline
Computer Organization
Microprocessor Bus Structure:
Addressing, Data and Control, Memory
Organization and Structure (Segmented
and Linear Models), Introduction to
Registers and Flags, Data Movement,
Arithmetic and Logic, Program Control,
Subroutines, Stack and its operation,
Peripheral Control Interrupts,
Interfacing with high level languages,
Real-time application.
Assembly Language
Objectives and Perspectives of
Assembly Language, Addressing
Modes, Introduction to the Assembler
and Debugger, Manipulate and
translate machine and assembly code,
Describe actions inside the processing
chip, Discuss operations performed
by an instruction set, Write a fully
documented program, Using an
assembler of choice.
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Reference Material
◈ Computer Organization & Architecture, 7th Ed, by William
Stallings, 2006, Prentice Hall.
◈ Assembly Language for Intel-based Computers, 5th Ed, by Kip
R. Irvine, 2007, Prentice Hall.
◈ Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware/Software
Interface, 4th Ed, by David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy,
2008. Elsevier Publishers.

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Internet Resources – Website for Book
◈ http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA7e.html
◆links to sites of interest
◆links to sites for courses that use the book
◆errata list for book
◆information on other books by W. Stallings
◈ http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
◆Math
◆How-to
◆Research resources
◆Misc. 7
Internet Resources – Website to Look for
◈ WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
◈ CPU Info Center
◈ Processor Emporium
◈ ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture
◈ IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture
◈ Intel Technology Journal
◈ Manufacturer’s sites
◆Intel, IBM, etc.
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Internet Resources – Usenet News Groups
◈ comp.arch
◈ comp.arch.arithmetic
◈ comp.arch.storage
◈ comp.parallel

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1.
INTRODUCTION
Let’s get rolling.

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Architecture & Organization
◈ Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
◆ Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation,
I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
◆ e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
◈ Organization is how features are implemented
◆ Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
◆ e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?

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Architecture & Organization (Cont.)
◈ All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
◈ The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture
◈ This gives code compatibility
◆ At least backwards
◈ Organization differs between different versions

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Structure & Function
◈ Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
◈ Function is the operation of individual components as part of
the structure

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Function
◈ All computer functions are:
◆ Data processing
◆ Data storage
◆ Data movement
◆ Control

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Functional
View
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(a) Data
Movement

Operations
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(b) Storage

Operations
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(c)
Processing
from/to
Storage

Operations
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(d)
Processing
from
Storage to
I/O

Operations
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 USE CHARTS TO EXPLAIN YOUR IDEAS

Peripherals
Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit
Computer

Systems
Interconnection

Communication Input
lines Output
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USE CHARTS TO EXPLAIN YOUR IDEAS
CPU
Arithmetic
Computer and Logic
Registers Unit
I/O
CPU
System
Bus Internal CPU
Interconnection
Memory
Control
Unit
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USE CHARTS TO EXPLAIN YOUR IDEAS
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal Unit Control Unit
Bus Registers and
Decoders
Registers
Control
Memory
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2.
COMPUTER
EVOLUTION AND
PERFORMANCE
Let’s get rolling.
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ENIAC – Background
◈ Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
◈ Eckert and Mauchly
◈ University of Pennsylvania
◈ Trajectory tables for weapons
◈ Started 1943
◈ Finished 1946
◆ Too late for war effort
◈ Used until 1955
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ENIAC – Detail
◈ Decimal (not binary)
◈ 20 accumulators of 10 digits
◈ Programmed manually by switches
◈ 18,000 vacuum tubes
◈ 30 tons
◈ 15,000 square feet
◈ 140 kW power consumption
◈ 5,000 additions per second
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von Neumann/Turing
◈ Stored Program concept
◈ Main memory storing programs and data
◈ ALU operating on binary data
◈ Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and
executing
◈ Input and output equipment operated by control unit
◈ Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
◆ IAS
◈ Completed 1952 26
von
Neumann
Machine

Structure
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IAS – Detail
◈ 1000 x 40 bit words
◆ Binary number
◆ 2 x 20 bit instructions
◈ Set of registers (storage in CPU)
◆ Memory Buffer Register
◆ Memory Address Register
◆ Instruction Register
◆ Instruction Buffer Register
◆ Program Counter
◆ Accumulator
◆ Multiplier Quotient 28
ISA – Detail

Structure
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Commercial Computers
◈ 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
◈ UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
◈ US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
◈ Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
◈ Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
◆ Faster
◆ More memory
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IBM
◈ Punched-card processing equipment
◈ 1953 - the 701
◆ IBM’s first stored program computer
◆ Scientific calculations
◈ 1955 - the 702
◆ Business applications
◈ Lead to 700/7000 series

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