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RICE GENOME
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa
(Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice)
 It is actually a type of grass and belongs to a family of
plants that includes other cereals such as wheat and
corn.
 Rice is the most popular cereal crop commonly used as
human food which rich in nutrients and contains a
number of vitamins and minerals. It is an excellent
source of complex carbohydrates—the best source of
energy.
 Popular rice species in the World

 Rice is grown around the world, and is an especially important

staple in Asia, Latin-America and the Middle East. There are more
than 40,000 varieties of rice. Most varieties come from the most
common rice species – ORYZA SATIVA – which originates from Asia
and may have been cultivated as many as 11,000 years ago.
 Oryza sativa, commonly known as Asian rice, is the plant species
most commonly referred to in English as rice
 Asian rice is grown all over the world while another type of rice
African rice (Oryza glaberrima ) has been cultivated in West Africa
for the last ~3500 years.
 GENOME
 The International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (IRGSP)
began in September 1997 in Singapore, it takes ten years and
cost more than U.S. $200 million
 One of the most successful genome which human has ever
constructed.
 The rice genome which consists 12 chromosomes is well
mapped and well characterized by 10 countries.
 Rice genome is the smallest cereal crop genomes at an
estimated 400 to 430 Mb. Until this day, ~3.5% of the genome
has been completed (15 of 430 Mb) and another 3 to 5% is in
production.
 GENOME
The Role of Bioinformatics in IRGSP

 Without bioinformatics, the IRGSP will be impossible

to build.
 When sequences are obtained, it can be read
automatically by a computer, with individual "runs"
generating 1000 or more bases of nucleotide
sequence.  save precious time for researchers.
  Banks of automated sequencing machines can
churn out millions of bases of data each day.
 GENOME
The role of Bioinformatics in IRGSP

 Bioinformatics help researcher keeps massive

amount of information about rice genome.
 Bioinformatics predicts protein structure, analysis
sequence of rice genome and also
compare/annotate it with other genome for future
research.
 APPLICATIONS

By understanding the rice genome, we can create

genetic modified rice which are :
 Rice resistant to herbicides, diseases and pests

 Rice produce human blood protein

 Golden rice
 APPLICATION
Herbicide-resistant rice
 A type of rice that is resistant to a particular herbicide
or herbicides
 Herbicides only kill weeds in the crop but do no harm
to the rice.
 Ex : Transgenic rice with acetolactate synthase gene
 APPLICATION
Golden rice and harsh tolerant weather rice
 Golden rice was designed
to produce beta-caroten,
a precursor of vitamin A
 Golden rice is a rice which
has been modified with 2
genes :
Psy (phytoene synthase) which is from lily flower.
CRTL (carotene desaturase) which is from soil bacteria.
 CONCLUSION
 Rice genome exploits the power of manipulating
rice gene which contribute a great deal of
applications, remarkably in agriculture.
 Rice genome research is a key to resolve famine
and nutrition deficiency with current technology.
 However, to fully understand the rice genome
requires in-depth scientific and technological
knowledge to carry on the research.
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