Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By Rohit Tripathi
Polymers
Macromolecules formed by the covalent
attachment of a set of small molecules termed
monomers.
Polymers are classified as:
(1) Man-made or synthetic polymers that are
synthesized in the laboratory .Ex: Nylon, poly-
ethylene, poly-styrene etc.
(2) Biological polymer that are found in
nature. Ex: DNA, proteins, carbohydrates,
wood, rubber, cotton, silk etc.
Polymer uses
Some important terms
Hardness
It is the measure of how much a material resists to
penetration.
The most well known of the hard materials is diamond.
Strong
Able to bear large
loads, particularily
under compression
Ex: Steel beams,
concrete
Some important terms
Stiffness
Resistance to deformation like elongation,
bending, rotation and deflection.
The more flexible an object is, the less stiff it
is.
Stiff materials are usually hard ,more fragile
or brittle and less ductile.
Some important terms
Summary
Brittle material would be the stiffest, it could
be tungsten carbide, for example.
The ductile material would be the toughest,
followed by the strong material and the
brittle.
The most brittle would be the hardest,
followed by the strong, and the ductile.
Comparison of engineering materials
Metal
Polymer
Ceramic
Composite
Composite
Matrix degrades.
Based on matrix:
1. Metal matrix composite (MMC)
2. Ceramic matrix composite (CMC)
3. Polymer matrix composite (PMC)
Based on reinforcement:
1. Particle reinforced composite
2. Fiber reinforced composite
3. Structural composite
Matrix based classification
1. Metal matrix composite(MMC)
Metal matrix: Al, Ti, Mg, Fe, Cu, Ni
Example: Al-SiC (silicon carbide)
Example: Al-Al2O3 (aluminum oxide)
The attractive feature of the metal
matrix composites is the higher
temperature use.
The aluminum matrix composite can Transmission cable made of
be used in the temperature range MMC
upward of 300˚C while the titanium matrix composites can be
used above 800°C .
Matrix based classification
kevlar (polymer)
Matrix can be:
Fiberglass windows
Reinforcement based classification
Examples:
fiberglass (polyester or epoxy
and glass)
Carbon-fiber–reinforced
polymer or CFRP
Keflar-fiber–reinforced polymer
or KFRP
Reinforcement based classification
Properties depends on
Arrangement or orientation of the fibers relative to
one another
Fiber concentration
Fiber distribution
3. Structural composite
The properties of structural composites depend
on:
a) Constituents
b) Geometrical design
Common types are
a) Laminar
b) Sandwich Panels
Reinforcement based classification
a) Laminar
It is composed of two-dimensional
sheets or layers.
The layers are stacked and
cemented together.
One example example is
plywood.
Reinforcement based classification
b) Sandwich Panels
Itconsist of two strong outer layers which
are called face layers.
Face layer be made of aluminum alloys,
fiber reinforced plastics, titanium alloys,
steel.
Core may be a honeycomb structure which
has less density than the face layer.
Sandwich panels can be used in variety of
applications which include roofs, floors,
walls of buildings and in aircraft (for wings)
etc.
Reinforcement based classification
Multilayer plywood
formed by stacking Sandwich panel