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Energy Equation

• The element is located at an elevation z, above a


reference datum, has a fluid of velocity, v and is
subjected to pressure, P
• Potential energy for the elemental fluid:
PE = Wz
where, W = weight of the fluid element, z = the
distance from the reference
• Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by the element
of fluid due to its velocity and defined as:

• Where m is the mass of fluid element and v is the


mean velocity of the fluid element
• But

• The equation can be rewritten as:


Energy Equation
• Pressure energy/flow energy(FE) is the
amount of work needed to move the
element of fluid across a certain distance, d
• The force producing work is the product of
the pressure, P and the cross-sectional area,
A of the element

• The volume of the element, V is given by A


multiply by d, but this term can be replaced
by where is the specific weight of
the fluid
• The equation can be rewritten as:
Energy Equation
• The total energy E is the sum of these 3
energies
E = PE + KE + FE

• Dividing the equation by W gives:

• Each term now has a unit of meter and can


be expressed as head

Head

Elevation Velocity Pressure


head head head
Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
• An approximate relation between
pressure, velocity and elevation - valid
in regions of steady, incompressible
flow where net frictional forces are
negligible
• Energy cannot be created nor
destroyed – can only transformed from
one form to another
• In an ideal fluid, where there is no
viscosity, the total energy within a
moving fluid must remain constant
• The total energy at one point in a
steady flow must be equal to the total
energy at any other point in the path
of flow provided
• No energy is added to the fluid or
taken from it
Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
• Applying this concept and the energy
equation to the flow:

Assumptions made:
1. Velocity on the flow cross section is
uniform, i.e: average velocity is used
2. Effect of viscous forces are very small
compared to gravitational forces, therefore
there are no losses of energy due to friction
3. Energy of flow is not converted into any
other form apart from kinetic, potential
and pressure energies
Limitation of Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s equation is applicable to:
• Steady flow
• Frictionless flow
– Every flow involves some friction
• No shaft work
– Not applicable in a flow section that involves a
pump, turbine, fan, machine or impeller
– Devices destroy the streamlines and carry out
energy interactions with the fluid particles
• Incompressible flow
– One of the assumptions used in the derivation is
that ρ = constant, thus the flow is
incompressible
• No heat transfer
– ρgas us inversely proportional to temperature,
thus the Bernoulli equation should not be used
for flow section that involve significant
temperature change i.e: heating/cooling
• Along a streamline
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Spraying Water into the Air
Water is flowing from a hose attached to a
water main at 400 kPa gauge. A child place his
thumb to cover most of the hose outlet,
causing a thin jet of high speed water to
emerge. If the hose is held upward, what is the
maximum height that the jet could achieve?
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Flow Through A Small Orifice
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation

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