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Market Analysis
Profitability.
Social welfare.
The Degree of Competition
• Classifying markets
– number of firms
– freedom of entry to industry
– nature of product
– nature of demand curve
• The four market structures
– perfect competition
– monopoly
– monopolistic competition
– oligopoly
Perfect Competition
Qualifying a perfectly competitive market :
Large number of buyers and sellers (price takers)
Freedom of entry
Identical products
Uniform Pricing policy
Perfect knowledge
Free mobility of factors
Least intervention of government
No Transportation costs
Short-run equilibrium of industry and firm under
perfect competition
P £
S MC AC
Pe D = AR
AR
AC = MR
D
O O Qe
Q (millions) Q (thousands)
P £ AC
S MC
AC
D1 = AR1
P1 AR1
= MR1
D
O O Qe
Q (millions) Q (thousands)
P S £
MC = S
a D1 = MR1
P1
b D2 = MR2
P2
c D3 = MR3
P3
D1
D2
D3
O O
Q (millions) Q (thousands)
– LRAC = AC = MC = MR = AR
Long-run equilibrium under perfect competition
New firms enter Profits return
Supernormal profits
to normal
P £
S1
Se
LRAC
P1 AR1 D1
PL ARL DL
D
O O QL
Q (millions) Q (thousands)
LRAC
DL
AR = MR
O Q
Perfect Competition
• Benefits of perfect competition
• The Plywood industry is perfectly competitive, and the marginal cost equation for
one firm, Greenply, is given by MC = 200 + 4Q. What is the short-run output rate
for Greenply?
• The Average Cost is given by AC= 1000/Q +200 + 2Q. In the short-run , how much
economic profit will the firm earn?
• Suppose in the long-run many firms will enter the industry and the supply would
increase to S = 24000+30P. Find out the long-run profit for the firm.
• In a perfectly competitive market supply and demand functions are
• Qs = 1000P + 500
• Qd = 5000 – 500P
• If variable cost function of a firm is VC = 103Q – 0.5Q2. Find the Profit
maximising output for the firm and the Economic profit maximising
output.
MR
O Qm Q
Monopoly
• The monopolist’s demand curve
– downward sloping
– MR below AR
• Equilibrium price and output
– Equilibrium output, where MC = MR
– Equilibrium price, found from demand curve
Profit maximising under monopoly
£ MC
AC
AR
AC
AR
MR
O Qm Q
Monopoly
• The monopolist’s demand curve
– downward sloping
– MR below AR
• Equilibrium price and output
– Equilibrium output, where MC = MR
– Equilibrium price, found from demand curve
• Profit
– Measuring profit
– Supernormal profit can persist in long run
Profit maximising under monopoly
£ MC
Total profit
AC
AR
AC
AR
MR
O Qm Q
Monopoly
• Disadvantages of monopoly
– high prices / low output: short run
– high prices / low output: long run
– lack of incentive to innovate
• Advantages of monopoly
– economies of scale
– profits can be used for investment
– high profits encourage risk taking
Monopoly Control
• Promoting competition
• Government Regulation
• Public Ownership
• Legal Action
• Fiscal Measures
• Promotion of Co-operation
• Publicity Drive
• Consumer Awareness
The demand and cost functions of a monopolist are
P = 800 – 10Q
TC =300Q + 2.5Q2
Price
During
patent
life
Price rafter
patent Marginal
expires cost
Marginal Demand
revenue
Monopoly
price
Marginal
revenue Demand
Price
Consumer
surplus
Monopoly Deadweight
price loss
Profit
Marginal cost
Marginal Demand
revenue
– Second degree
MC
8
6
5
DY
DX MRY MRT
O 1000 O 2000 O 3000
MRX
– competition
– profits
• Demand functions of a monopolist in two effectively
segmented markets are:
• Qa = 1,000 – 50Pa
• Qb = 800 – 25Pb
• Total cost function of the monopolist is TC = 500 + 10Q.
• If the monopolist does not practice price discrimination, what
is the sales maximizing price ?
Price Discrimination
• A firm sells in two markets and has constant marginal costs of production
equal to $2 per unit. The demand and demand and marginal revenue
equations for the two markets are as follows:
•
• Market 1 Market 2
•
• P1 = 14 – 2Q1 P2 = 10 – Q2
MR1 = 14 – 4Q1 MR2 = 10 – 2Q2
•
• Using third-degree price discrimination, what are the profit-maximizing
prices and quantities in each market? Show that greater profits result
from price discrimination than would be obtained if a uniform price were
used.
Monopolistic Competition
Assumptions of monopolistic competition
• Large number of firms
• Easy Entry
• Product differentiation
• Selling costs
Short-run equilibrium of the firm
under monopolistic competition
£ MC
AC
Ps
ACs
AR = D
MR
O Qs Q
Monopolistic Competition
• Assumptions of monopolistic competition
• Equilibrium of the firm
– short run
– long run
Long-run equilibrium of the firm
under monopolistic competition
£
LRMC
LRAC
PL
ARL = DL
MRL
O QL Q
Monopolistic Competition
• Assumptions of monopolistic competition
• Equilibrium of the firm
– short run
– long run
– underutilisation of capacity in the long run
Long run equilibrium of the firm under perfect and
monopolistic competition
£
LRAC
P1
P2
DL under perfect
competition
DL under monopolistic
competition
O Q1 Q2 Q
Monopolistic Competition
• Assumptions of monopolistic competition
• Equilibrium of the firm
– short run
– long run
– underutilisation of capacity in the long run
• Non-price competition
Monopolistic Competition
• Assumptions of monopolistic competition
• Equilibrium of the firm
– short run
– long run
– underutilisation of capacity in the long run
• Non-price competition
• The public interest
Monopolistic Competition
• Assumptions of monopolistic competition
• Equilibrium of the firm
– short run
– long run
– underutilisation of capacity in the long run
• Non-price competition
• The public interest
– comparison with perfect competition
Monopolistic Competition
• Assumptions of monopolistic competition
• Equilibrium of the firm
– short run
– long run
– underutilisation of capacity in the long run
• Non-price competition
• The public interest
– comparison with perfect competition
– comparison with monopoly
Oligopoly - features
• Key features of oligopoly
– barriers to entry
– interdependence of firms
• Competition versus collusion
• Collusive oligopoly: cartels
– equilibrium of the industry
– barriers to entry
– interdependence of firms
• Competition versus collusion
• Collusive oligopoly: cartels
Cartels
• A cartel is said to exist when two or more enterprises enter
into an explicit or implicit agreement to fix prices, to limit
production and supply, to allocate market share or sales
quotas, or to engage in collusive bidding or bid-rigging in one
or more markets. Its purpose is to coordinate the policies of
the member firms so as to increase profits. Cartels are
illegal.Cartelisation is prohibited under Section 3 of the
Competition Act.
Current price
and quantity
give one point
on demand curve
P1
O Q1 Q
£ Kinked demand for a firm under oligopoly
D
P1
D
O Q1 Q
Oligopoly
• Non-collusive oligopoly: the kinked demand
curve theory
– Assumptions of the model
1. If a firm raises prices, other firms won’t follow and the firm loses a lot of business. So
demand is very responsive or elastic to price increases.
2. If a firm lowers prices, other firms follow and the firm doesn’t gain much business. So
demand is fairly unresponsive or inelastic to price decreases.
– stable prices
£Stable price under conditions of a kinked demand curve
MC2
P1 MC1
a
D = AR
b
O Q1 Q
MR
Oligopoly
• Non-collusive oligopoly: the kinked demand
curve theory
– assumptions of the model
– stable prices
– limitations of the model
Oligopoly
• Non-collusive oligopoly: the kinked demand
curve theory
– assumptions of the model
– stable prices
– limitations of the model