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Evapotranspiration (3)
Evapotranspiration Estimation
• General Comments
• Thornthwaite model
• Penman model
• Penman-Montieth model
General Comments
• ET is the basic hydrological components needed for
many purposes
2. Sum the 12 monthly heat index into an annual heat index (I):
1.514
12
tm
COMPACT NOTATION I
m 1 5
u
Ea 0.35ea ed 1
100
Ea = Potential evaporation
ea = Saturation vapor pressure
ed = Saturation vapor pressure at dew point
u = Wind speed (miles/day @ 2 m height)
Penman Model
2. Equation 2 for the available energy for latent heat
and heating the surface:
H A B
n
A 1 r Ra 0.18 0.55
N
n
B Ta 0.56 0.90 ed 0.10 0.90
4
N
H = Available net radiation (Rn)
r = Albedo of evaporating surface
Ra= Theoretical radiation intensity (no atmosphere)
n/N = Ratio of actual to possible sunshine hours
= Stefan Boltzman constant 5.6710-8 W m-2 K-4 or 1.3810-12 cal cm-2 s-1 K-4
Ta = Mean air temperature (K)
ed = Saturation vapor pressure at dew point
Penman Model
3. Equation 3 for computing the actual ET (Penman Equation):
H E a
E
1