GD&T

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND

TOLERANCE
INTRODUCTION
 It is a National standard composed of symbols, rules, mathematical definition
etc.
 Effective way of defining a part geometry
 Clear design intent
 Shorter cycle time b/w concept to launch
 Less trouble shooting problems
 Fewer engineering changes
Continuation…..
Geometric:
System of symbols, rules and definitions used to define the size, shape,
form, orientation and location of features on a part.
Dimension:
It is a geometric characteristic that explains the size of which is specified
such as length, angle, location or centre distance etc.
Tolerance:
The tolerance on a dimension is the total permissible variation in its size
which is equal to the difference between the limits of size to allow an object
function correctly.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL
DESIGN TEAM INCLUDE
 Defining the ideal geometry on the drawing or CAD file.
 Applying critical and producible tolerances where needed.
 Maximizing production tolerances without sacrificing quality and
reliability.
SELECTION CRITERIA
 Selection of appropriate dimensioning and advantages. Tolerancing
early in the design cycle will result in
More robust design
Higher quality
Shorter time to market
Better product understanding
Fewer fit and functional problems
Fewer engineering changes
 GD&T
(DESIGN)
3 TYPES OF TOLERANCE
 Limit Dimension Type:
Example: Dia 0.950/ Dia 0.985
 Unilateral Dimension Type:
Example: Dia 0.950 +0.000/-0.005
 Bilateral Dimension Type:
Example: Dia 0.950 +0.004/-0.005
Note: If no tolerances are specified, then general tolerances are applied at the
dimension level.
DATUM
 A datum is a theoretical exact feature from which dimensional
measurement is done.
 Datum feature is a part feature that contacts a datum.
3 types of datum
Primary datum
Secondary datum
Tertiary datum
Continuation…..
Primary Datum:
At least 3 points of contact with its datum plane.
Controls 3 degree of freedom.
 Secondary Datum:
At least 2 points of contact with its datum plane.
Controls 2 additional degrees of freedom.
 Tertiary Datum:
At least 1 point of contact with its datum plane.
Controls 1 additional degree of freedom.
CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS FUNCTION
STRAIGHTNESS – Controls the straightness of a feature in relation to its own
perfect form.

FLATNESS – Controls the flatness of a surface in relation to its own perfect form.
Continuation…..
 CIRCULARITY – Controls the form of a revolved surface in relation to its own
perfect form by independent cross sections.

CYLINDRICITY – Controls the form of a revolved surface like circularity, but applies
simultaneously to entire surface.
Continuation…..
PROFILE OF A LINE – It describes a tolerance zone around any line in any feature,
usually of a curved shape.

PROFILE OF A SURFACE – It describes a 3-D dimensional tolerance zone around a

surface, usually which is an advanced curve or shape.
Continuation…..
 PARALLELISM – Controls orientation of a feature which is nominally parallel to the
primary datum of its datum reference frame.

PERPENDICULARITY – Controls the orientation of a feature which is nominally

perpendicular to the primary datum of its datum reference frame.
Continuation…..
ANGULARITY – Controls orientation of a feature at a specific angle in relation to
the primary datum of its datum reference frame.

CONCENTRICITY – Controls the central axis of reference feature, to a datum axis. It

is also called as coaxially.
Continuation…..
SYMMETRY – It controls uniformity of two features on a part across a datum
plane.

POSITION – True position in terms of the axis, point or plane controls variations of
a feature from a specified exact true location.
Continuation…..
CIRCULAR RUN-OUT - Controls circularity and coaxiality of each circular segment of
a surface independently about a coaxial datum.

TOTAL RUN-OUT – Controls circularity, straightness, coaxiality, and taper of a

cylindrical surface about a coaxial datum.
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION :
MMC describes the condition of a feature where the maximum amount of
material exists within its dimensional tolerance. This condition exists at minimum
clearance or maximum interference.

 LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION :

LMC describes the condition of a feature where the least amount of material
exists within its dimensional tolerance. This condition exists at maximum clearance
or minimum interference.
 ALLOWANCE:
Allowance is defined as the difference between the maximum material limits of mating
parts. Allowance is the minimum clearance (+ allowance) or maximum interference (- allowance)
between mating parts.
ALLOWANCE = MMC hole – MMC Shaft
CLEARNCE:
Clearance is the loosest fit or maximum intended difference between parts.
Clearance = LMC hole – LMC shaft
FITS:
Fit is the relationship that exists between two mating parts, a hole and a shaft with respect to
their dimensional difference before assembly.
3 TYPES OF FITS: Clearance fit, Interference fit and Transition fit.
SURFACE FINISH:
Surface finish is the allowable deviation from a perfectly flat surface, made by
some manufacturing process.
Surface roughness is a property of the material surface texture, which is
recognized by an uneven topography as compared to the perfectly flat surface.

Roughness - Machined marks made on a surface by the cutting tool.

Waviness – Result of the vibration of the tool.
Form – Surface irregularities caused by worn (damaged) off machine bed or table etc.
HOW PRODUCTION IS HELPED ?
Produce parts that will function, reduce, scrap, rework and use.
Reduce the need to develop tribal knowledge.
Make parts according to the print.
HOW QUALITY IS HELPED?
Create clear metrics.
Provide a means to establish process control indices Cp and Cpk.
Meaningfully evaluate suppliers.
Make decisions based on functional requirements.