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AI
The term artificial intelligence was
coined in 1955 by John McCarthy
Artificial Intelligence
Branch of computer science concerned with the
study and creation of computer systems that exhibit
some form of intelligence
Systems that learn new concepts & tasks
Systems that can reason & draw useful conclusions
about world around us
Systems that can understand a natural language or
perceive & comprehend a visual scene
Intelligence
Ability to acquire, understand & apply
knowledge
Ability to exercise thought & reason
History
1950 - Alan Turing – Turing test
1957 - Frank Rosenblatt develops the
Perceptron, an early artificial neural network
enabling pattern recognition
1958 - John McCarthy develops programming
language Lisp
1961-The first industrial robot, Unimate, starts
working on an assembly line in a General
Motors
1986-First driverless car, a Mercedes-Benz van
equipped with cameras and sensors
1997- IBM's Deep Blue became the first
computer to beat a chess champion when it
defeated Russian grandmaster Garry Kasparov
2000- MIT’s Cynthia Breazeal develops Kismet,
a robot that could recognize and simulate
emotions.
2015- Sophia humanoid robot developed
by Hanson Robotics
Requirements to build a system
to solve a problem
0 0
0 3
3 0
3 3
4 2
0 2
2 0
Steps
1. Define a state space that contains all the
possible configurations of the relevant objects
2. Specify one or more states within that space
that describe possible situations from which
the problem solving process may start. These
are called initial states
3. Specify one or more states that would be
acceptable as solutions to the problem. These
are called goal states
4. Specify a set of rules that describe the actions
available.
Missionary Cannibal Problem
States
Initial (3,3) and (0,0)
Input
I/O interface Working
Knowledge
Output Memory
base
Editor
Learning
Module
Knowledge representation
Semantic networks
Frames
Rules
Semantic networks
A network of nodes and arcs
connecting the nodes
Principle of inheritance is used for
meaning
fly
CAN
COLOR
A-KIND-
bird OF dove white
HAS-
PARTS
wings
Frames
The related knowledge is put in one
area
Frame - an organised data structure
of knowledge
Frames are related to other frames
Frame consists of slots
Example
(bob
(PROFESSION (VALUE professor))
(AGE(VALUE 42))
(WIFE(VALUE sandy))
(CHILDREN(VALUE sue,joe))
…………..)
Tabular format
Frame Slot Facet Value
Family- Father Raj
details Mother Leela
Ram Brother Rahul
Personal Age 26
details height 170 cm
Rule based system
architecture
Uses If..Then rules
Each rule represents a small chunk
of knowledge relating to the given
domain of expertise
A number of related rules
correspond to a chain of inferences,
leading to conclusions
Inference engine
Strategy used to search through the
rule base
2 strategies
Forward chaining
Backward chaining
Forward chaining – the inference engine
begins with information entered by user
and searched the rule base .Carry out the
action of rule when condition is true
Backward chaining – Searching the rule
base starts with a hypothesis and
proceeds by asking the user questions
until hypothesis is confirmed of
disapproved. More of goal oriented
Inference process
3 stages – match, select & execute
1. The contents of working memory are
compared to facts & rules contained in
the knowledge base
2. When consistent matches are found,
those rules are kept in a conflict set
3. One of the rule is selected from conflict
set based on recent use, smallest rule
number etc..
4. The selected rule is then executed
Applications
Medical diagnoses
Diagnosis of complex electronic systems
Forecasting
Identification of chemical compound
structures
Assessment of geologic structures
Stock & bond portfolio selection &
management
Military applications etc..
Advantages
Provides consistent answers for
repetitive decisions, processes and
tasks
Holds and maintains significant
levels of information
Encourages organizations to clarify
the logic of their decision-making
Never "forgets" to ask a question, as
a human might
Disadvantages
Lacks common sense, needed in
some decision making
Cannot make creative responses as
human expert would in unusual
circumstances
Domain experts not always able to
explain their logic and reasoning
Cannot adapt to changing
environments, unless knowledge
base is changed
Examples
DENDRAL
MYCIN
PROSPECTOR
DENDRAL
Primary aim was to study hypothesis
formation and discovery in science
Help organic chemists in identifying
unknown organic molecules, by
analyzing their mass spectra and
using knowledge of chemistry
MYCIN
Designed to identify bacteria causing
severe infections, such as
bacteremia and meningitis
To recommend antibiotics, with the
dosage adjusted for patient's body
weight
Also used for the diagnosis of blood
clotting diseases.
Prospector
Evaluation of the mineral potential
of a geological site or region
Provides information for
investigating a possible drilling site