Chapter 14: Polymer Structures ( Macromolecules )

Monomer Polymer
Polyethylene

Why zigzag shape ?

 Polymers are Macromolecules
with Molecular Mass in the range
5,000 – 10 X 106 Dalton / Mol
 Polymers are used as:

Fibers, Sheets, Blocks, Coatings, Glues,

Gums, Grease, Wax, Rubbers, Foams

Transparent
Fire proof
Compared to steel: 20 times stronger, 5 -6 times lighter
Sheets as thin as 3µm ( Doctors ) )
Superglues
Insulators
Corrosion resistance
Foam forming
Green house Agriculture
Table 14.3
Write formula for Polypropylene and Polystyrene
HDPE LDPE
Isoprene monomer

and

its line structure

Natural Rubber from
Isoprene monomer
(cis or trans)
Molecular Mass: Number average
Weight Average
Molecules of Polymers do not have the same mass

Number of Mass of each

Molecules Molecule
1 800,000
3 750,000
5 700,000
8 650,000
Number 10 600,000 Weight
average 13 550,000
average
20 500,000
13 450,000
10 400,000
8 350,000
5 300,000
3 250,000
1 200,000
Number Average Molar Mass Mn = [∑Ni.Mi /∑Ni] =500,000

Mass of Each type Total Mass of Each Type of

Ni Molecules, Mi Molecules, NiMi
1 800,000 800,000
3 750,000 2,250,000
5 700,000 3,500,000
8 650,000 5,200,000
10 600,000 6,000,000
13 550,000 7,150,000
20 500,000 10,000,000
13 450,000 5,850,000
10 400,000 4,000,000
8 350,000 2,800,000
5 300,000 1,500,000
3 250,000 750,000
1 200,000 200,000
∑Ni=100 Total Mass ∑NiMi = 50,000,000
No. of
Mass of Each type Total Mass of Each Weight Fraction
Molecule
Molec. Type of Molecule Type of Molecule
s

(Ni) (Mi) (NiMi) Wi =(Ni Mi / ∑(Ni Mi) (WiMi)

1 800,000 800,000 0.016 12,800
3 750,000 2,250,000 0.045 33,750
5 700,000 3,500,000 0.070 49,000
8 650,000 5,200,000 0.104 67,600
10 600,000 6,000,000 0.120 72,000
13 550,000 7,150,000 0.143 78,650
20 500,000 10,000,000 0.200 100,000
13 450,000 5,850,000 0.117 52,650
10 400,000 4,000,000 0.080 32,000
8 350,000 2,800,000 0.056 19,600
5 300,000 1,500,000 0.030 9,000
3 250,000 750,000 0.015 3,750
1 200,000 200,000 0.004 800
∑Ni=100 ∑(NiMi)=50,000,000 ∑Wi=1.00 ∑WiMi =531,600
Average Molar mass of dry air = (0.01)(40)+(0.21)(32)+(0.78)(28)=28.96
Ar O2 N2
Example 14.4a
Alternative way of finding the size distribution of polymers

Degree of Polymerization

Where m is molecular mass of the repeat unit

For instance, for PVC
= number of repeat units
Shape of polymer molecules
AFM images of Single molecules of polymer
Molecular Structure
Molecular
Configuration
in 2 – D
Molecular Stereoisomerism
Configuration
3-D
Isotactic

Syndiotactic

Atactic
Structure
bvh

Hjb
Copolymers Random copolymer

Alternating
copolymer

Styrene- Butadiene
SBR
And Block copolymer

Nitrile Rubber
NBR Graft copolymer
 NBR is made up of
acrylonitrile +
Butadiene
Nitrile Rubber
NBR

Styrene-Butadiene
SBR
Polymer Crystallinity ( Solid polymer is partially crystalline )
How to find % crystallinity

Where ρa density of amorphous

ρc density of crystalline
ρs density of the sample
 Polyethene
Orthorhombic
Unit cell
Crystalline

= 46.4 %
 Thermoplastic>>>>>this type can be converted from one
form to other without disturbing the
molecules
and
Thermosetting polymers
Crystalline polymer Amorphous polymer