Miscellaneous Engineering Materials

GLASS
 WHAT IS GLASS?
• A non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has
widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for
example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics.
 HISTORY OF GLASS

People had used naturally occurring

glass, especially Obsidian (the
volcanic glass) before they learned
how to make glass. Obsidian was
used for production of knives,
arrowheads, jewelry and money.
 HISTORY OF GLASS
The ancient Roman historian Pliny suggested that Phoenician merchants
had made the first glass in the region of Syria around 5000 BC.
But according to the archaeological
evidence, the first man made glass
was in Eastern Mesopotamia and
Egypt around 3500BC.

The term glass was developed in the late Roman Empire. It originated as
Late-Latin term 'Glesum' which means lustrous and transparent material.
 CONSTITUENTS OF GLASS
Typical glass contains Formers, Fluxes, and Stabilizers.

• Formers forms the base material

of any glass. It forms the major
percentage in any glass-forming
mixture. Silica (Silicon Dioxide)
in the form of sand is the most
commonly used former in the
glass industry.
 CONSTITUENTS OF GLASS
• Fluxes lower the temperature at which the formers will melt. Soda
(Sodium Carbonate) and Potash (Potassium Carbonate), both
alkalis, are common fluxes.
• Stabilizers make the glass strong and water
resistant. Limestone (Calcium Carbonate)
is a stabilizer. Without a stabilizer, water
and humidity attack and dissolve glass.

Others; • Lead Oxide - It gives color to the glass.

• Cullet - Waste glass that is added as a raw material.
 PROPERTIES OF GLASS
The properties of glass vary with composition, here are some general
statements that can be made about glass:
• Glasses have low ductility; they are very brittle.
• Glasses have a tensile strength in the range of 4 to 10 ksi.
• Theoretical compressive strength of glass, based on atomic bond
strength calculations is approximately 3,000 ksi.
• Glasses have low thermal conductivity compared to metals.
• Glass has a density of 158 PCF, slightly less that of aluminum.
 CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS
1. Soda Lime Glass
- It is obtained from the fusion of silica,
lime, soda and alumina.
- It is the most prevalent type of glass.
- It accounts for 90% of manufactured glass.
- It is used for glazing doors, windows and
making ordinary glass wares.
CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS
2. Lead Glass
- It is obtained from the fusion of silica, lead
and potash.
- This glass is also termed as Flint glass.
- Lead glass has highly shining appearance.
- Cut glass work, electric bulbs and optical
glass are made from it.
 CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS
3. Boro-Silicate Glass
- It is obtained from the fusion of silica,
borax, lime, and feldspar.
- This glass withstands high temperature.
- Laboratory equipments and kitchen utensils
are made out of it.
FORMS OF GLASS
Float Glass - is the most common
type of glass. It is also called soda
lime glass or clear glass. This is
produced by annealing the molten
glass and is clear and flat. Its
modulus of rupture is 5000-6000
psi.
 FORMS OF GLASS
Sheet Glass - is most extensively used in engineering works. It is
commonly used for windows in thicknesses of 3/32″ (single strength, or
“SS”) and 1/8″ (double strength, or “DS”).
 FORMS OF GLASS
Plate Glass
- It is made in thickness varying
from 3mm to 32 mm and sizes up
to 275cm x 90cmm.
- It is stronger and more
transparent than the sheet glass.
- It has been heat-treated during
forming, producing a brilliant
surface that is ground and polished
when cooled.
FORMS OF GLASS
Bent Glass - is produced by
heating annealed glass to the point
where it softens so it can be
pressed over a form.
 FORMS OF GLASS
Safety Glass - it was developed to overcome the hazards of sheet glass
in large, exposed, or public areas.
Three types of safety glass are available;
• Tempered Glass
• Laminated Glass
• Wired Glass
 FORMS OF GLASS
Tempered Glass
- Glass plate is heated and then suddenly cooled to tamper it.
- Tempered glass is much stronger than ordinary sheet glass.
- Used for glazing entrance doors, table tops, shelves, counters etc.
 FORMS OF GLASS
Laminated Glass / Shatterproof Glass
- Two or more glass plates with
intervening layers of transparent plastics
are bound under effect of heat and
pressure.
- This type of glass is not broken into
pieces when it breaks.
- Ensures safety at places where glass is
liable to shatter.
FORMS OF GLASS
Wired Glass
- It is a rough cast translucent (semi
transparent) glass with special steel wire
mesh of 0.46 to 0.56 mm dia.
- Wire mesh completely embedded
between the layers of glass during
manufacture process.
- Fire resistant and safe during breakage.
 FORMS OF GLASS
Insulating Glass / Double Glazed Units
Two layers of glass separated by 6mm to
12mm of air space are sealed to provide
heat insulation.
FORMS OF GLASS
Glass Block
Hollow glass wall blocks are
manufactured as two separate halves and,
while the glass is still molten, the two
pieces are pressed together and annealed.
The resulting glass blocks will have a
partial vacuum at the hollow center. Glass
bricks provide visual obscuration while
admitting light.
 FORMS OF GLASS
Stained Glass
- By adding oxides of metals
to metal glass the finish
product gets colored.
- Used for decoration works
in building construction.
 FORMS OF GLASS
Glass Wool
A thermal insulation that consists of
intertwined and flexible glass fibers,
which causes it to "package" air. Can
be used as filler or insulators in
buildings, also for soundproofing.
 GLASS MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The glass – float glass as we know - is manufactured by the PPG
process. This process was invented by Sir Alistair Pilkington in 1952
and is the most popular and widely used process in manufacturing
architectural glass in the world today.
GLASS MANUFACTURING PROCESS
HOW GLASS IS MADE?
 WHAT IS RUBBER?
The engineering definition of a rubber material is “any material that can
stretch to at least 100% of its original length, and return to its original
shape without permanent deformation”. Although the term “rubber”
originated from true natural rubber derived from trees, today the term is
used to refer to a host of different engineering materials, most of which
are synthetic, and all of which exhibit the hallmark flexibility of natural
rubber.
 HISTORY OF RUBBER
The first use of rubber was by the indigenous cultures of
Mesoamerica. The earliest archeological evidence of the use
of natural latex from the Hevea tree comes the Olmec culture,
in which rubber was first used for making balls for the
Mesoamerican ballgame.

Rubber was later used by the Maya and Aztec cultures - in

addition to making balls Aztecs used rubber for other
purposes such as making containers and to make textiles
waterproof by impregnating them with the latex sap.
 USES OF RUBBER
• About 70% of the total world production of rubber is consumed by
automobile tyre industry
• Rubber is used as a flooring material.
• Synthetic rubber is used for packing oil-working machinery, hose
pipes for carrying petrol.
• Rubber bearing pads are used under girders for bridges
• Rubber is also used for expansion joints
• Rubber roofing typically refers to a specific type of roofing materials
that are made of ethylene propylene diene monomers (EPDM rubber).
 2 KINDS OF RUBBER
Rubber is essentially an elastic material and is either
• Natural Rubber
• Synthetic Rubber
NATURAL RUBBER
It is present as an emulsion in the latex of
rubber trees that mostly grow in hot,
moist climate like Malaysia, Venezuela,
Mexico. Latex is milky fluid oozing
(dropping) from vertical grooves having
an upward inclination cut around the
trunk of the rubber tree. Pots are tied to
the trunk of the trees for collecting latex.
Crude rubber is obtained by coagulation
of latex with alcohol, alum or lime.
Crude rubber becomes hard and brittle in winter and soft in summer,
therefore some compounds are added to modify its properties.

1. 1. Compounding Rubber
Crude rubber is mixed with filler. There are number of fillers in
common use each imparting specific properties. Some of which are
lamp black, oxides of iron, slaked lime, sulphur. Sulphur is the most
common, with which rubber forms a mass which is hard, tough and
resistant to water and ordinary changes of temperature. The process of
mixing rubber with sulphur is called as Vulcanizing.
1. 2. Reclaiming Rubber
Rubber from old, worn out articles can be reclaimed either by
mechanical or chemical process. Mechanical, the grinding of the articles
into fine particles, removing any trace of iron with the help of
electromagnets. Chemical, Ground articles are dissolved either in an
acid or alkali to loosen and remove other materials and the rest of the
process is same as above.
 SYNTHETIC RUBBER
Recently rubber is produced on a large scale artificially from acetylene gas
under trade names of:
Neoprene - is used as a load bearing base, usually between two prefabricated
reinforced concrete elements or steel plates as well to evenly guide force
from one element to another
Chloroprene - his colorless liquid is the monomer for the production of the
polymer polychloroprene, a type of synthetic rubber. Polychloroprene is
better known as Neoprene
Butyl - is used for damp proofing, rubber roof repair and for maintenance of
roof membranes (especially around the edges).
Artificial rubbers possess certain
properties that are hard to be achieved
with natural rubber such as resistance
to acids particularly to grease, kerosene
and petroleum.
NATURAL RUBBER OUTPUT & CONSUMPTION
 REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass
http://www.historyofglass.com/
https://www.cmog.org/article/chemistry-glass
https://patch.com/california/missionviejo/glass-as-an-engineering-and-architectural-material-by-desi-j-kiss-ms-pe
http://www.aboutcivil.org/Rubbers-and-Glass.html
http://www.habasit.com/en/chloroprene-rubber.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyl_rubber
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoprene
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyl_rubber
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber
http://www.robinsonrubber.com/rubber-101-engineer/