• Transmission lines 85%

• Bus bar 12%

• Transformer/Generator 3%
• Distance and Impedance relay

ZS
~
VR IR ZL 𝑽
𝒁=
𝑰
• Operation
• Depend upon magnitude of current or voltage of the circuit. Ratio of voltage
and current (expressed in terms of impedance) Called Ratio or impedance
relay
• At normal condition V>I
• Whenever fault occurs current coil's magnetic force pulls the beam and thus
makes the contact to trip the breaker
 Meshed network

• Overcurrent protection scheme is essentially

a simple protection scheme. Consequently, 0,6s 0,3s
its accuracy is not very high.
• It is comparatively cheap as non-directional
protection does not require VT. However, it is 0,6s 0,3s
not suitable for protection of meshed
transmission systems.
• where selectivity and sensitivity
requirements are more stringent. 0,6s 0,3s
Overcurrent protection is also not a feasible
option, if fault current and load currents are
comparable. 0,6s 0,3s
• distance protection scheme which provides non-selective trip
both 'higher' sensitivity and selectivity.
 - Fault on the protected line
Distance protection provides
the following features: relay A
Z1

• More accurate as more information is

used for taking decision.
• Directional, i.e. it responds to the phase
angle of current with respect to voltage - Fault outside the protected
Z2
line
phasor. relay A

• Fast and accurate.

• Back-up protection
• Primarily used in transmission line
protection. Also it can be applied to selectivity
generator backup, loss of field and
transformer backup protection.
• Zone 1
• Zone 2
• Zone 3
• Zone 4
• Zone 1 is designated by Z1 and zones 2 and 3 by Z2 and Z3
respectively.
• Zone 1 is meant for protection of the primary line. Typically, it is set to
cover 80% of the line length.
• Zone 1 provides fastest protection because there is no intentional
time delay associated with it.
• Operating time of Z1 can be of the order of 1 cycle.
Zone 1 does not cover the entire
length of the primary line
because it is difficult to
distinguish between faults at F1
and F2/F3/F4 all of which are
close to bus B. In other words, if
a fault is close to bus, one
cannot ascertain if it is on the
primary line, bus or on back up
line. This is because of the
following reasons:
• CTs and PTs have limited accuracy. During fault, a CT may undergo
partial or complete saturation. The resulting errors in measurement
of apparent impedance seen by relay, makes it difficult to determine
fault location at the boundary of lines very accurately.

• Derivations for equations of distance relays made some assumptions

like neglecting capacitance of line, unloaded.
 Z3
t = grading time
time Z2 t3
Z1 t2

t1
A B C D

D1 D2 D3

distance

Grading Rules Safety margin is 15 %:

• Z1=0.8 AB with t1= 0ms Line error
• Z2=AB + 0.5 BC with t2=300ms CT, VT error
• Z3=AB + BC with t3= 600ms Measuring error
 Z3
t = grading time
time Z2 t3
Z1 t2

t1
A B C D

D1 D2 D3

• An important feature of distance protection is its inherent remote back-up

distance

functionality.
• The overreaching zones operate with set time delays that are co-ordinated
with remote protection devices.
• For this purpose a grading time of the back-up stages is required to ensure
that selectivity is maintained during normal protection operation while
time delay back-up protection operates in the case that a breaker fails to
operate during a fault.
• 2nd Zone:
• It must initially allow the 1st zone on the neighbouring feeder(s) to
clear the fault.
• The grading time therefore results from the addition of the following
times

• Operating time of the neighbouring feeder:25 - 80 ms

• Circuit breaker operating time:60ms
• Safety Margin :100ms

• Whenever a back-up zone overlaps a zone, the time delay setting of the
back-up zone should include the time grading step.
3rd Zone
• Even though the transmission line is fully protected with Zone 1 and
Zone 2 relays, a third forward-reaching zone is often employed. This
Zone 3 is applied as backup for Zone 2
• It also can be used as remote backup for relay or station failures at the
remote
4th zone
• The reverse is generally set to cover 10% of the line impedance
• This is said to be a back up to the bus bar protection/Generator
protection
• Network line diagram of the protected line and adjacent circuits

35km

R3 R5
Station A Station B Station B Station C

R1 R2

75km R4 R6
Station B Station D

60km
Input Data
• System Voltage :220kV
• CT ratio : 800/1A
• PT Ratio : 220kV/110V
Line Parameters
• Protected Line Length:75Km
• Adjacent Shortest Line length:35Km
• Adjacent Longest Line Length:60Km
• Arc Resistance:10 Ω
• Tower Foot Resistance :10 Ω
• Conductor Name:ACSR leopard
• Positive sequence Resistance Ω/km(R1):0.247 Ω/km
• Positive sequence Reactance Ω/km(X1):0.421 Ω/km
• Zero sequence Resistance Ω/km(Ro):0.395 Ω/km
• Zero sequence Reactance Ω/km(Xo):1.409 Ω/km
• Imp Ratio =CTR/PTR
• = 800/1/220*10^3/110
• Imp Ratio =0.4
• % for Zone 1=80% of protected line
• % for Zone 2=100% of protected line + 50% of Adj short line
• % for Zone 3=100% of protected line+100%of Adj Long line
• % for Zone 4 =20% of Zone 1
Setting of the fault resistive cover
• The resistive reach(phase to Phase) is set to cover a maximum
expected fault resistance arrived from Warrington formula.
• Rarc =(28707 ∗ 𝐿)/𝐼1.4
• L= length of arc in meters
• I= the actual fault current in A
• Resistive Reach For Φ to Φ Faults
R(Z1)=[(80% of protected line * +ve seq Resistance)+Arc resistance]*Imp ratio
=[((0.8*75 )*0.247)+10]*0.4
=9.928Ω
• Resistive Reach For Φ to E Faults
RE(Z1)=[(80% of protected line*+ve seq Resistance)+Arc resistance+ Tower foot resistance]*Imp ratio
=[((0.8*75)*0.247)+10+10]*0.4
=13.928Ω
• Reactance Reach
X(Z1)=[(80% of protected line*+ve seq Reactance)]*Imp Ratio
=[((0.8*75)*0.421)]*0.4
=10.104Ω
• Selected Setting
ZONE Resistive Reach For Φ to Φ Direction Resistive Reach For Φ Reactance Reach X(Z1) Time Delay
R(Z1) to E RE(Z1)
Zone 1 9.928Ω Forward 13.928Ω 10.104Ω 0 msec
• Resistive Reach For Φ to Φ Faults
R(Z2)=[((100% of protected line + 50% of ASL) * +ve seq Resistance)+Arc resistance]*Imp ratio
=[((75+(0.5*35))*0.247)+10]*0.4
=13.139Ω
• Resistive Reach For Φ to E Faults
RE(Z2)=[((100% of protected line + 50% of ASL) *+ve seq Resistance)+Arc resistance+ Tower foot
resistance]*Imp ratio
=[(75+(0.5*35))*0.247)+10+10]*0.4
=17.139Ω
• Reactance Reach
X(Z2)=[((100% of protected line + 50% of ASL)*+ve seq Reactance)]*Imp Ratio
=[((75+(0.5*35))*0.421)]*0.4
=15.557Ω
• Selected
ZONE Setting
Resistive Reach For Φ to Φ Direction Resistive Reach For Φ Reactance Reach X(Z2) Time Delay
R(Z2) to E RE(Z2)
Zone 2 13.139Ω Forward 17.139Ω 15.557Ω 300 ms
• Resistive Reach For Φ to Φ Faults
R(Z3)=[((100% of protected line + 100% of ALL) * +ve seq Resistance)+Arc resistance]*Imp ratio
=[((75+60))*0.247)+10]*0.4
=17.338Ω
• Resistive Reach For Φ to E Faults
RE(Z3)=[((100% of protected line + 100% of ALL) *+ve seq Resistance)+Arc resistance+ Tower foot
resistance]*Imp ratio
=[(75+60)*0.247)+10+10]*0.4
=21.338Ω
• Reactance Reach
X(Z3)=[((100% of protected line + 100% of ALL)*+ve seq Reactance)]*Imp Ratio
=[((75+60)*0.421)]*0.4
=22.734Ω
• Selected
ZONE Setting
Resistive Reach For Φ to Φ Direction Resistive Reach For Φ Reactance Reach X(Z3) Time Delay
R(Z3) to E RE(Z3)
Zone 3 17.338Ω Forward 21.338Ω 22.734Ω 600 ms
• Resistive Reach For Φ to Φ Faults
R(Z4)=[((20% of protected line) * +ve seq Resistance)+Arc resistance]*Imp ratio
=[((0.2*75)*0.247)+10]*0.4
=5.482Ω
• Resistive Reach For Φ to E Faults
RE(Z4)=[((20% of protected line) *+ve seq Resistance)+Arc resistance+ Tower foot
resistance]*Imp ratio
=[(0.2*75)*0.247)+10+10]*0.4
=9.482Ω
• Reactance Reach
X(Z4)=[((20% of protected line)*+ve seq Reactance)]*Imp Ratio
=[((0.2*75)*0.421)]*0.4
=2.526Ω
• Selected
ZONE Setting
Resistive Reach For Φ to Φ Direction Resistive Reach For Φ Reactance Reach X(Z4) Time Delay
R(Z4) to E RE(Z4)
Zone 4 5.482Ω Reverse 9.482Ω 2.526Ω 1s
• Resistive Reach For Φ to Φ Faults
R(Zcom)=[((100% of protected line ) * +ve seq Resistance)+Arc resistance]*Imp ratio
=[((75)*0.247)+10]*0.4
=11.41Ω
• Resistive Reach For Φ to E Faults
RE(Zcom)=[((100% of protected line) *+ve seq Resistance)+Arc resistance+ Tower foot
resistance]*Imp ratio
=[(75)*0.247)+10+10]*0.4
=15.41Ω
• Reactance Reach
X(Zcom)=[((100% of protected line*+ve seq Reactance)]*Imp Ratio
=[((75)*0.421)]*0.4
=12.63Ω
• Selected
ZONE Setting
Resistive Reach For Φ to Φ Direction Resistive Reach For Φ Reactance Reach Time Delay
R(Zcom) to E RE(Zcom) X(Zcom)
Zcom 11.41Ω Forward 15.41Ω 12.63Ω 0 ms
 X1
Line Angle ø = Tan^ − 1
R1
31.575
ø = Tan^ − 1
18.525
ø = 59.59°
Grounding factor
RE Ro − R1
=
RL 3R1
0.395−0.247
= 3∗0.247
= 0.199
XE Xo − X1
=
XL 3X1
1.409−0.421
= 3∗0.421
= 0.782
x' - Line Reactance per unit length = Positive Sequence Impedance *CTR/PTR
=0.4881*0.4
=0.19524
• SOTF
• STUB
• Power Swing Block
• AUTO RECLOSURE
• Fuse Failure
• Brocken Conductor etc.
• Switch On To Fault Schemes are protection functions intended to trip
a transmission line breaker when closed on to a faulted line.
• Distance protection will not provide protection in this case as voltage
is not available for distance measurement
• This can be activated by TNC switch and internal detection of current
rise.
• It provide instantaneous 3 Ph trip and block auto reclose
 It is not possible for the distance protection relay to
measure impedance when the line disconnector is open.
Bus A
+ >Z
Not to risk incorrect operation the distance protection
must be blocked and a Stub protection is released.
The Stub protection is a simple current relay

25ms
li ne disc
open & tri p

I STUB >

Bus B
• Automatic circuit reclosing is extensively applied to overhead line
circuits where a high percentage of faults that occur are transient in
nature. Automatic reclosing of the circuit breaker attempts to
minimize the loss of supply to the customer and reduce the need for
manual intervention.
• Check synchronizing ensures that a circuit breaker can only be closed
when the voltages and frequency of the power system on each side of
that circuit breaker are within acceptable limits
• A relay which is expected to issue trip decision on fault should not
pick up on a swing (either stable or unstable). When a power swing is
a consequence of stable disturbance, unwanted line tripping can
aggravate disturbance and lead to instability.
• Hence Power swing in the system will block distance protection.