UNIT-1

SIMPLE STRESSES & STRAINS

TOPICS:
• Elasticity and plasticity
• Types of stresses & strains
• Hooke’s law
• Stress & strain diagram for mild steel – Working stress – Factor of
safety
• Lateral strain, Poisson’s ratio & volumetric strain
• Elastic moduli & the relationship between them
• Bars of varying section
• Composite bars
• Temperature stresses
• Strain energy – Resilience – Gradual, sudden, impact and shock
loadings
• Principle stresses and strains-computation of principle stresses and
strains on inclined planes
• Theory of failures- minimum principle stress, strain, shear stress
and strain energy theories.
INTRODUCTION:
Introduction:
• The resistance by which material of the body
opposes the deformation is known as
“strength of materials”
Elasticity and Plasticity:
– The property by virtue of which the certain
materials comes back to its original shape
and size after removing external load is
called elasticity.
• Plasticity is a property of a material which
retains the deformation produced under load
permanently.
Stress:
Tensile & Compressive stresses:
Examples:
Shear stress:
Pure shear:
Examples:
Strain:
• Ratio of change in dimension of the body to
original dimension is known as strain
Types of strain:
1. tensile strain
2. compressive strain
3. shear strain
4. volumetric strain
• Strain can also be classified into
• Longitudinal strain
• Lateral strain
Hooke’s law:
“It states that when a material is
loaded within elastic limit, stress is directly
proportional to strain.”
σαe
σ = Ee
E= Young’s modulus
Stress – strain diagram for Mild Steel:
• Limit of
proportionality
• Elastic limit
• Upper yield
point
• Lower yield
point
• Ultimate stress
• Breaking point
• % elongation in length = [(L’-L)/L]*100
• % reduction in area = [(A’-A)/A]*100
• Working stress: The maximum stress to which
any member is designed is much less than the
ultimate stress & this stress is known as
WORKING STRESS
• Factor of safety: ratio of ultimate stress to
working stress
• Poisson’s ratio: ratio of lateral strain to
longitudinal strain
Problems:
• A rod 150 cms long & of diameter 2 cms is subjected to an axial pull
of 20kN. If E = 2 x 105 N/mm2, determine : a) Stress,
b) Strain & c) Elongation of rod
• A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following
details were obtained from the test:
dia of bar = 3 cms
guage length of bar = 20 cms
load at elastic limit = 250 kN
extension at a load of 150 kN = 0.21 mm
Max load = 380 kN
Total extension = 60 mm
dia of rod at failure = 2.25 cms
Determine: a) young’s modulus, b) stress at elastic limit,
c) % elongation in length & d) % reduction in area
• The ultimate stress for a hollow steel column which carries an
axial load of 1.9 MN is 480 Mpa. If the external dia of the
column is 200 mm, determine the internal diameter. Take
Factor of Safety as 4.
• A stepped bar shown in fig is subjected to an axially
compressive load of 35 kN. Find max & min stresses
produced.

• Determine the changes in length, breadth and thickness of a

steel bar which is 4 m long, 30 mm wide and 20 mm thick and
is subjected to an axial pull of 30 kN in the direction of its
length. Take E=2 x 105 N/mm2 and also determine the
volumetric strain and change in volume.
 Elastic modulii
• Young’s modulus
• Modulus of rigidity (or) shear modulus
• Bulk modulus
Problems:
• Find the young’s modulus of a brass rod of diameter 25
mm and of length 25 mm, which is subjected to a
tensile load of 50 kN when the extension of the rod is
equal to 0.3 mm.
• A cylinder piece of 80 mm diameter and 120 mm long
is subjected to an axial compression force of 500kN.
Calculate the change in the volume of the piece, if the
bulk modulus is 1.7 x 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio is
0.3.
• Determine the Poisson’s ratio and Bulk Modulus of a
material for which Young’s Modulus is 1.2 x 105 N/mm2
and modulus of rigidity is 0.45 x 105 N/mm2
Bars of varying section:

δL = P[(L1/A1E1)+ (L2/A2E2)+ (L3/A3E3)]

 Problems:
• A member formed by connecting a steel bar to an aluminium bar
as shown in fig. Assume that the bars are prevented from buckling
sideways, calculate the magnitude of force ‘F’, that will cause the
total length of the member to decrease 0.3 mm. E for steel = 2 x
105 N/mm2 and E for Al = 6.5 x 105 N/mm2

• An axial pull of 35,000 N is acting on a bar consisting of three

lengths as shown in figure below. If the Young’s Modulus = 2.1 x
105 N/mm2, determine:
– Stresses in each section.
– Total extension of the bar.
• A member ABCD is subjected to point loads
P1,P2,P3 & P4 as shown in fig. calculate the
force P2 necessary for equilibrium, if
P1=45kN, P3=450kN & P4=130kN. Determine
the total elongation of the member.
Composite bars:

e1 = e2
 Problems:
• A compound tube consists of a steel tube 140mm internal diameter
and 160mm external diameter and an outer brass tube 160mm
internal diameter and 180mm external diameter. The two tubes are
of the same length. The compound tube carries an axial load of
900kN. Find the stresses and the load carried by each tube and the
amount it shortens. Length of each tube is 140mm. take
Es=2x105N/mm2, Ec=1x105N/mm2.
• A steel rod of c/s area 1600 mm2 and two brass rods each of c/s area
1000 mm2 together support a load of 50kN as shown in fig. Find the
stresses in the rods. Take Es=2x105N/mm2, EB=1x105N/mm2
Thermal stresses:
• δL = αTL
• σ = αTE
• If supports yield by ‘δ’,
σ = (αTL-δ)E/L
Problems:
• A steel rod of 3cms dia and 5 m long is connected to two grips
and the rod is maintained at a temperature of 95 C. determine
the stresses and pull exerted when the temperature falls to 30
C, if
– i) ends do not yield
– Ii) ends yield by 0.12cms
Temperature stresses in composite bars:
Problems:
• A steel tube of 30 mm external diameter and 20 mm
internal diameter encloses a copper rod of 15 mm
diameter to which it is rigidly joined at each end. If,
at a temperature of 10°C there is no longitudinal
stress, calculate the stresses in the rod and tube
when the temperature is raised to 200°C. Take E for
steel and copper as 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and 1 x 105
N/mm2 respectively. The value of co-efficient of
linear expansion for steel and copper is given as 11 x
10-6 per °C and 18 x 10-6 per °C respectively.
• Strain energy: The energy which is absorbed in
body due to straining effect is known as strain
energy
• Resilience: the total strain energy stored in a
body is known as resilience
• Proof resilience: the maximum strain energy
stored in a body is known as proof resilience
• Modulus of resilience: defined as proof
resilience of a material per unit volume.
• Strain energy stored in a body when the load
is applied gradually:U=(σ2/2E)V
• Strain energy stored in a body when the load
is applied suddenly: σ=2P/E
• Strain energy stored in a body when the load
is applied with impact: P2=2EPh/AL
• Strain energy stored in a body due to shock
load: U=(σ2/2E)AL
Problems:
• A 10mm diameter steel bar of length 150mm is
stressed by a weight of 120kN dropping freely through
20mm before commencing to stretch the bar. Find the
maximum instantaneous stress and the elongation
produced in the bar. Take E=2x105N/mm2.
• A uniform metal bar has a c/s area of 700mm2. and a
length of 1.5m. If stress at elastic limit is 160N/mm2.,
what will be proof resilience? Determine also the max
value of applied load, which may be suddenly applied
without exceeding the elastic limit. Calculate the value
of gradually applied load which will produce the same
extension as that produced by the suddenly applied
load above. E=2x105N/mm2.
• An unknown weight falls through a height of
20mm on a collar rigidly attatched to the
lower end of a vertical bar of 5m long and
800mm2 in c/s.if max extension of rod is
2.5mm. Find stress & weight. E=2x106kgf/mm2
Principal stresses and strains:
The planes which do not have shear stresses are
known as Principal Planes.
The normal stresses acting on principal plane are
known as Principal Stresses.
The normal strain acting on principal plane is known
as Principal Strain.
Member subjected to direct stress in
one plane:
Problems:
• A rectangular bar of c/s area of 1100mm2 is
subjected to a tensile load “P” as shown in fig.
the permissible normal and shear stresses on
the oblique plane BC are given as 7N/mm2 &
3.5N/mm2 respectively. Determine the safe
value of “P”.
Member subjected to like direct stress in
two mutually perpendicular directions:
Problems:
• At a certain point in a strained material the principal
stresses are 100 N/mm2 tensile and 40 N/mm2
compressive. Find the resultant stresses on a plane
inclined at 60° to the major principal stress. What is
the max intensity of shear stress in the material at
the point?
Member subjected to a simple shear
stress:
Member subjected to like direct stress in two mutually
perpendicular directions accompanied by a shear
stress:
Problems:
• A rectangular block of material is subjected to
a tensile stress of 110N/mm2 on one plane
and a tensile stress of 47N/mm2 on the plane
at right angles to the former and accompanied
by a shear stress of 63N/mm2. these foces
tend to rotate the block anti clockwise. Find:
– Direction and magnitude of each of the principal
stress
– Max shear stress
 Mohr’s circle:
Body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal tensile stresses of unequal intensities:
Body subjected to two mutually perpendicular
principal stresses which are unequal and unlike:
Body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal
tensile stresses accompanied by a shear stress:
Problems:
• At a certain point in a strained material the
principal stresses are 100N/mm2 and
40N/mm2 both are tensile. Find the normal,
tangential and resultant stresses across a
plane through the point at 48° to the major
principal plane, using Mohr’s circle of stress.
Theories of failure:
• Maximum principal stress theory
• Maximum principal strain theory
• Maximum shear stress theory
• Maximum strain energy theory
• Maximum shear strain energy theory
• Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s
theory):
According to this theory, failure of a material occurs when the
max principal stress in the complex system reaches the maximum
stress at the elastic limit in simple tension or min principal stress
reaches the value of max stress at elastic limit in simple
compression.
• Maximum principal strain theory (St.Venant’s
theory):
According to this theory, failure of a material occurs
when the max principal strain reaches the strain due to yield
stress in simple tension or min principal strain reaches the
strain due to yield stress in simple compression.
• Maximum shear stress theory(Guest’s theory):
According to this theory, failure of a material occurs when
the max shear stress in a material reaches the value of maximum
shear stress at the elastic limit in simple tension.
• Maximum strain energy theory(Haigh’s theory):
According to this theory, failure of a material occurs when
the total strain energy per unit volume in a material reaches the
strain energy per unit volume at the elastic limit in simple
tension.
• Maximum shear strain energy theory(Mises-Henky
theory):
According to this theory, failure of a material occurs when
the total shear strain energy per unit volume in the stressed
material reaches a value equal to the shear strain energy per unit
volume at the elastic limit in simple tension.
Problems:
• Principal stresses at a point in an elastic
material are 100MPa tensile, 50MPa tensile
and 25MPa compressive. Determine the factor
of safety against failure based on various
theories. The elastic limit in simple tension is
220MPa and Poisson’s ratio is 0.3.
Elongation of a bar due to its own
weight:
• δL = (w×L×L)/2E