Structural Health Monitoring of Precast

Structural elements using Reusable PZT

Patches.

Submitted by
RAHUL N JAIN
(15053001)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. S.N.Khante
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. What is SHM?
3. Major Problems associated with Precast
4. Literature Review
5. System Development
6. Reusable Setup
7. Experimental Setup
8. Conclusion and Work Plan
 Major Problems Associated with
Precast
1. Dimension Deviation
2. Optimum Time of Demoulding
3. Intrinsic Cracks
4. Honeycombing

Problems can be eliminated by SHM of precast

elements.
SOME PRECAST ELEMENTS….
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
• SHM is an art of detecting the changes in structure
that affects its performance.

• During the lifespan the Structure Faces a continuous

deterioration due to numerous factors

• Due to this many of the Structures fails and it is

essential to Monitor the Structure

• The Monitoring is done by using PZT patches which may

be attached or embedded in Structure
LITERATURE REVIEW

 Sugeng Wijanto and Takim Andriono(2008)

• Stuided extensive use of precast concrete components,

which were fabricated off-site and then connected on-site
were studied

• Various cases were considered and Joint for different

buildings were studied

• It was found that structural efficiency around 5-10% was

generally obtained by replacing conventional structural
systems.
 Dumolin et al(2013) studied Monitoring Crack
Propogation in RCC Beams using Embedded PZT

• NDT is applied using PZT patch in study

• PZT patches are used to detect and follow crack

propogation in RCC Beams

• Two different types of excitation signals were used and

the readings were recorded

• Based on the Signals different damage indicators were

investigated and compared
 Bahodadar(2010) Monitoring hydration of concrete
with piezoelectric Transducers

• Determing optimal time of demoulding is important for

concrete suppliers to increase concrete efficiency.

• A re-usable PZT transducer and an embedded PZT

transducer were used for monitoring Hydration of
Concrete.

• Impedance Analyser Technique was used to analyse

Signature at Different Stages

• The Reuasble PZT patches were cost efficient and were

recommended to use in Precast Concrete Industry
 Tawie, R, and Lee, H.K . (2011) studied
Characterization of cement-based materials using a
reusable piezoelectric impedance-based sensor

• A device using a nut and a bolt where a PZT material was

attached on the head of the bolt for the EMI method

• The experimentation involved monitoring the moisture

changes in a cubic specimen (80mm x 80mm x80mm)

• Sensor could be easily detached and reused for repetitive

tests

• The applicability of the sensor was demonstrated for

monitoring of the setting of cement mortar
System Development

Reusable PZT System

• PZT patches are Economical.

• But compared to Concrete , they are relatively expensive.

• There should be a system which should be able to Reuse

the PZT patches.

 3 Novelty Methods are proposed for the same in this

work :
1. Socket and Plug Pin Reusable Setup

2. Magnetic Reusable Setup

3. Nut and Bolt Reusable Setup

1 Socket and Plug Pin Reusable Setup

(a) Socket with Copper Plate (b) PZT attached to Copper Plate

(c) Coaxial Wire soldered to PZT d) Final PZT Setup

2 Magnetic Reusable Setup

(a) Magnet (b)PZT attached to Magnet

(c) Co-axial Wire soldered to PZT

2 Nut and Bolt Reusable Setup

a) Nut b) Bolt c) Nut and Bolt

d) PZT attached to Bolt e) Co-axial Wire Soldered to PZT

Experimental Work
Precast Concrete Beam of size 1000mm x 100mm x 125mm
is taken under consideration. The properties are as follows
Dimenion /Properties Value

Length (L) 1000 mm

Cross-Section 100mm x 125mm

Grade of cement(OPC) 53

Grade of Steel Fe 415

Reinforcement Bars 2#8mm dia @ top and Bottom

Stirrups 6mm dia @ 90mm C/C

Characteristics strength of Concrete 20 N/mm2

• Steel mould with Holes on Either Side to let the Bars come Out

a)Side View b) Top View c) Side View

Beam Steel Cage

Precast Concrete Beam After Removal of FormWork

a) Side View c) Side View

b) Top View

d) Reusable PZT Patch Setup

Experimental Setup
• The Soldered PZT Patch of Reusable Setup was wired to
LCR meter

•The Frequency was swept through 100Hz to 300Hz

•The vibrations are Transferred and reflected back through PZT

• Same process is done for

all Setups

• Required parameter
Conductance was Measured

• Graph is plotted

•Results are Interpreted

Performance Analysis

• Repeatability of Results is the key criteria for Reliability of any Health Monitoring
Technique

• Conductance Graph are Plotted w.r.t Frequency for Various Cases

6.00E-02

5.00E-02

4.00E-02
Conductance

PZT 1
3.00E-02
PZT 2
PZT 3
2.00E-02
PZT 4

1.00E-02

0.00E+00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Frequency (kHz)

Fig : Free Signature obtained for PZT Transducer

 Socket and Plug Pin Reusable Setup
6.00E-03

5.00E-03
Conductance

4.00E-03
(Day 1)
3.00E-03 (Day 2)
(Day 3)
2.00E-03 (Day 4)
(Day 5)
1.00E-03

0.00E+00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Frequency(kHz)

Magnetic Reusable Setup

1.20E-03

1.00E-03
Conductance

8.00E-04
(Day 1)
6.00E-04
(Day 2)
4.00E-04 (Day 3)
(Day 4)
2.00E-04

0.00E+00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Frequency(kHz)
 Nut and Bolt Reusable Setup
3.00E-03

2.50E-03
Conductance

2.00E-03
(Day 1)
1.50E-03 (Day 2)
(Day 3)
1.00E-03
(Day 4)
(Day 5)
5.00E-04

0.00E+00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Frequency(kHZ)

Surface Bonded PZT

3.00E-03

2.50E-03

2.00E-03
Conductance

1.50E-03 (Day 1)
(Day 2)
1.00E-03
(Day 3)
5.00E-04 (Day 4)
0.00E+00 (Day 5)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-5.00E-04

-1.00E-03
Frequency(kHz)
CONCLUSION
1.SHM with piezoelectric materials is more advanced and low cost
technique as compared to traditional methods.

2. Repeatability of PZT signature has been confirmed and thus the

reliability of the reusable PZT setup.

3. Since the same PZT patch act as actuator and sensor, this save
the number of transducers and associated wiring.

4. The limitations wrt Range of Patch can be eliminated due to

Reusability

5. Continuous health monitoring of structure is possible using

proposed technique.

6.Proposed technique is very easy to understand since only

signatures of PZT are required to analyze the health of structure.
Plan of Research Work

1.Study on efficient damage detection technique and

comparison between Reusable Setup and surface bonded
PZT.

2. Sensitivity study on Higher thickness PZT Patches

based on Availability.

3. Study on Defects in Precast Concrete Structural

Elements
REFERENCES
• Sugeng Wijanto and Takim Andriono (2008), “Research and application of
precast /prestressed concrete systems”, The 14th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering , Beijing, China

• H. Sezer Atamturktur , Christopher R. Gilligan and Kelly A. Salyards (2013),

“Detection of internal defects in concrete members using global vibration
characteristics ”,ACI material Journal,Title no.110-M48

• Sam Na, Rudy Tawie and Haeng-Ki Lee (2012), “Electromechanical

impedance method of fiber-reinforced plastic adhesive joints in corrosive
environment using a reusable piezoelectric device”, Journal of Intelligent
Material Systems and Structures, pp. 737-747

• Fabricio G. Baptista , Jozue Vieira Filho and Daniel J. Inman (2011), “Sizing
PZT Transducers in Impedance-Based Structural Health Monitoring”, IEEE
Sensors Journal, pp. 1405 - 1414

•
• Bindurani, P, A. Meher Prasad, Amlan K. Sengupta (2013), “Analysis of
Precast Multistoreyed Building - A Case Study”, International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology.

• Sabet Divsholi Bahador, Yang Yaowen (2010),“Monitoring hydration of

concrete with piezoelectric transducers”, 35th Conference on our world in
concrete & structures,Singapore, Article Online Id: 100035006

• Yaowen Yang, Bahador Sabet Divsholi and Chee Kiong Soh(2010), “A reusable
PZT transducer for monitoring initial hydration and structural health of
concrete”, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Avenue, 639798, Singapore, pp. 5193-5208

• Annamdas and Madhav A Radhika (2013) ,“ Electromechanical impedance of

piezoelectric transducers for monitoring metallic and non-metallic structures:
a review of wired, wireless and energy-harvesting methods”, Journal of
Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, pp. 1021–1042
• C. P. Providakis, E. V. Liarakos, and E. Kampianakis (2013), “Nondestructive
wireless monitoring of early-age concrete strength gain using an innovative
electromechanical impedance sensing system”, Smart Materials Research,
Article ID 932568

•Dansheng Wang, Zhi Li, Shishi Zhang, Hongping Zhu (2014) ,”Experimental
study on sensitivity of embedded PZT impedence transducers to crack damage
of reinforced concrete beam”, The 13th International Symposiumon Structural
Engineering, pp 1837-1845

•Tawie, R, and Lee, H.K . (2011) ,“Characterization of cement-based materials

using a reusable piezoelectric impedance-based sensor”, Smart Materials and
Structures, Volume 20, Issue 8, article id. 085023,( 9 pp)

•X. Feng, E.T. Dandjekpo & J. Zhou (2012), “Post-earthquake damage detection
using embedded electro-mechanical impedance sensors for concrete dams”,
WCEE, LISBOO (7 pp)
THANK YOU