STAINLESS STEEL BARS

(GROUP 7)
Presented by: Presented to:
Mostafa Farouk Dr. Mohamed Abou Zeid
Mohamed Karam
Ibrahim Elnimr
Marwan Elsayed
Omar Elleithy
Mohamed Elfekky
Outline

■ Background
■ Types of Steel
■ Types of Stainless Steel
■ Choice Factors
■ Corrosion and Protection
■ Project Brief
■ Conclusion

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Background (Stainless)

■ Alloy of Iron with a minimum of 10.5% Chromium

■ Harry Brearley, in 1913 Sheffield, England
■ Some Samples didn’t rust
■ Contained around 13% chromium
■ First application of these steels was in cutlery
■ First austenitic stainless steels in France
■ Worldwide demand for stainless steel is increasing

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 Carbon Steel
• Dull and matte
• Vulnerable to corrosion
• Low , medium and high

Alloy Steel
• Mixture of several metals, including nickel, copper, and aluminum
• Cheaper
Types of • Used in mechanical works, car parts, pipelines, motors
• strength and property of alloy steels depends on the concentration
Steel of elements

Tool Steel
• Hard and heat and scrape resistant
• Used in making metal tools
• Several different grades

Stainless Steel
• Shiny, corrosion resistant
• Used in home appliances

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 Types of Stainless Steel
■ Austenitic Stainless Steel
– Most Widely Used
– excellent corrosion & heat resistance
■ 200 Series
– alloyed with chromium, nickel, and manganese
– washing machine tubs & structural applications
■ 300 Series
– alloyed with chromium and nickel
– used in pots, food equipment, chemical
equipment, and architectural applications
■ 304 Series (18/8 stainless )
– most widely used
– easy to form and weld
– Used in industrial, architectural, and
transportation fields
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Types of Stainless Steel

■ Ferritic Stainless Steel

– similar properties to mild steel (carbon Steel)
– Easy to Form
– Not as resistant as austenitic grades
■ 400 Series
– chromium approximately 12-30% and little or no nickel
– Used in automotive exhaust systems, appliances, boilers, cooking utensils, and
indoor architecture
■ 430 Series (Can replace austenitic grade 304 )
– Most Commonly used
– Used in washing machine drums, kitchen sinks, cutlery, indoor panels.

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Types of Stainless Steel

■ Martensitic Stainless Steel

– very hard and strong
– not as resistant to corrosion as austenitic or
ferritic grades
– contains approximately 13% chromium
– Hardens by heat
– low weldability and formability
– magnetic
– is used to make knives, fasteners, surgical
equipment, and turbine blades.

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Types of Stainless Steel

■ Duplex stainless steel

⎼ composite of austenitic and ferritic steels.
– strong and flexible.
– 22-25% chromium and 5% nickel with molybdenum and nitrogen.
– used in the paper, pulp, shipbuilding, and petrochemical
industries.

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 Corrosive Environment

• Atmospheric, water, concentration of particular

chemicals, chloride content, presence of acid.

Temperature of Operation
Choice • High temperatures usually accelerate corrosion

Factors rates and therefore indicate a higher grade.

• Low temperatures will require a tough austenitic
steel.

Required Strength

• Higher strength can be obtained from the

austenitic, duplex, martensitic and PH steels.

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 Type of welding

• Austenitic steels are generally more weldable than the

other types.
• Ferritic steels are weldable in thin sections.
• Duplex steels regarded as fully weldable.
• Martensitic and PH grades are less weldable.

Choice Degree of Forming

• Austenitic steels are the most formable of all the types

Factors • Generally, ferritic steels are not as formable.
• Duplex, martensitic and PH grades are not particularly
formable.

Expected Performance

• The aesthetic requirements as compared to the structural

requirements
• Design life is sometimes specified but is very difficult to
guarantee.

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 Choice Factors

Availability. Cost.
Chosen material may not be available Sometimes the correct technical option is
not finally chosen on cost grounds alone.

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Corrosion and Protection

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 Corrosion and Protection (Cont’d)
Pitting Corrosion

• Pitting corrosion often take place at

points where the passive layer is weak
• The chloride ion Cl- is the most common

Protection

• Avoiding prolonged contact with harmful

chemicals
• Choosing a grade of steel which is more
resistant to attack.
• Using the Pitting Resistance Equivalent
https://corrosion-doctors.org/Forms-SCC/scc.htm
Number calculated from the alloy
content.

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 Corrosion and Protection (Cont’d)

Crevice Corrosion

• Stainless steel requires a supply of oxygen

to make sure that the passive layer can
form on the surface. In very tight crevices, it
is not always possible for the oxygen to gain
access to the stainless steel surface
causing it to be vulnerable to attack.

Protection

• Sealing crevices with a flexible sealant or by

using a more corrosion resistant grade.

https://amarineblog.wordpress.com/2017/10/05/why-stainless-steel-rust-corrosion-part-2/ 14
 Corrosion and Protection (Cont’d)

Intergranular Corrosion

• Rare form of corrosion.

• If the Carbon level in the steel is too high,
Chromium can combine with Carbon to form
Chromium Carbide.
• At temperatures between about 450-850 deg C.
• Sensitization occurs during welding.

Protection

• Choosing a low carbon grade the so-called 'L'

grades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergranular_corrosion • Using a steel with Titanium which preferentially
combines with Carbon.

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Corrosion and Protection (cont’d)

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)

• Relatively rare form of corrosion

• Requires a very specific combination of tensile
stress, temperature and corrosive species.
• Occurrence in hot water tanks and swimming
pools.

Protection

• Selection and control of material

• Control of stress
• Control of environment
• Testing of susceptible materials
https://corrosion-doctors.org/Forms-SCC/scc.htm

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 Corrosion and Protection (Cont’d)

Galvanic Corrosion

• Two dissimilar metals are in contact with

each other
• With an electrolyte e.g. water
• It is possible for a galvanic cell to be set up.
This is rather like a battery and can
accelerate corrosion of the less 'noble' metal.

Protection

• It can avoided by separating the metals with

a non-metallic insulator such as rubber.

https://corrosion-doctors.org/Forms-SCC/scc.htm

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Alloy Group Ductility High Temp. Low Temp. Weldability Corrosion
Resistance Resistance Resistance
Austenitic Very High Very High Very High Very High High

Duplex Medium Low Medium High Very High

Ferritic Medium High High Low Medium

Martensitic Low Low Low Low Medium

COMPARISON

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Applications

■ Staircases and Railings

■ Roofing
■ Window walls
■ Drainage and Water Systems
■ Structural Applications (bars)
■ Fixations (anchors)

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New Champlain Bridge

■ Quebec, Montreal, Canada

■ 2015-2019
■ Span: 3 Km long
■ Total Cost: $4.239 billion
■ 18% of total cost for maintenance and Repair
■ Subcontractor for Stainless steel Rebar: Acier AGF
■ 15,000 tons of stainless steel
■ Lifespan: 125 years

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 Problem and Solution
■ Aim: Replace the existing Champlain bridge
■ Problem: signs of corrosion in older bridge
■ Reason: corrosive environment caused by the
frequent de-icing on the road
■ Decision: Duplex stainless steel rebars in
critical areas.
■ 10,000 Duplex Stainless Steel Rolltec couplers
and anchors
■ Couplers to splice the reinforcement on large
bars

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 ■ https://www.capitalsteel.net/news/blog/types-of-steel

■ http://www.ssina.com/overview/alloyelements_summary.htm
l

■ https://www.bssa.org.uk/faq.php?id=9

■ http://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Stainless-Steel_St-St-
Introduction_61.ashx

■ https://www.bssa.org.uk/faq.php?id=10

■ http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/issf/non-image-
files/PDF/Basicfactsaboutstainlesssteel1.pdf

References ■

■
https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/what-is-stainless-
steel-part-ii/

https://www.dextragroup.com/activities/technical-solutions-
for-construction/project-references/11-
activities/construction/solutions/240-new-champlain-bridge

■ https://steelguru.com/steel/stainless-steel-to-be-used-in-
construction-of-new-champlain-bridge/441758

■ https://globalnews.ca/news/4593079/new-champlain-
bridge-will-be-delayed-reports/

■ http://www.stainlesssteelrebar.org/applications/champlain

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THANK YOU
Any Questions?

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