CHAPTER 1-

GUIDANCE &
COUNSELING

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Explain the concept of guidance, counseling
and psychotherapy;
• Explain the goals of guidance and counseling;
• Elaborate on the principles and philosophy of
guidance and counseling;
• Discuss the importance of guidance and
counseling; and
• Bridefly elaborate on the development of the
guidance and counseling services in
Malaysia.
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 Quick Review
• What do you understand by the term
“counseling”?

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 Quick Review
• What is Counseling?

–According to the American Counseling

Association, counseling is:

“The application of mental health, psychological or

human development principles, through cognitive,
affective, behavioral or systemic interventions,
strategies that address wellness, personal growth,
or career development, as well as pathology.”
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 S.O.L.E.R.
• When working with a
client, you want to send a
message that you are
listening.
• This can be done by
being attentive both
verbally (responding to the
client) and nonverbally.

• SOLER is an acronym
which serves to remind
us how to listen.
• S: Face the client squarely; that is, adopt a
posture that indicates involvement.

• O: Adopt an open posture. Sit with both feet on

the ground to begin with and with your hands
folded, one over the other.

• L: As you face your client, lean toward him or

her. Be aware of their space needs.

• E: Maintain eye contact. Looking away or down

suggests that you are bored or ashamed of what
the client is saying. Looking at the person
suggests that you are interested and concerned.

• R: As you incorporate these skills into your

attending listening skills, relax.
 Quick Review
• What do you understand by the term
“guidance”?

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 Quick Review
• What is Guidance?

– “Guidance is a process of helping

people make important choices that
affect their lives, such as choosing a
preferred lifestyle” (Gladding, 2000, pg. 4).

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 Quick Review
• What do you understand by the term
“psychotherapy”?

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 Quick Review
• What is Psychotherapy?

– Traditionally focuses on serious

problems associated with intrapsychic,
internal, and personal issues and
conflicts. It deals with the “recovery of
adequacy” (Casey, 1996).

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 CONCEPT
• Guidance – asssistance (knowledge,
skills, information)

• Counseling – face-to-face interaction

between the counselor and the client(s)

• Psychotherapy – talking ‘treatment’

involving the therapist and a patient
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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
Approach used
• Information-giving, advice

Goals
• Encourage exploration  problem-
solving

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
COUNSELING &
PSYCHOTHERAPY

Training
Approach
Duration

Focus Setting

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Similarities Between Guidance,
Counseling and Psychotherapy

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Differences Between Guidance,
Counseling and Psychotherapy

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 SUMMARY
• Type of client: Guidance and counseling is
more suitable for normal clients experiencing
problems that are not too serious.
Psychotherapy is more suitable for pattients
experiencing more serious problems such as
neurosis and mild psychosis

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 SUMMARY
• Qualifications of service provider: G&C
teacher has the knowledge and basic skills to
conduct guidance and counseling sessions.
The psychotherapist who conducts therapy
has more specialised knowledge and skills
such as hypnosis.

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 SUMMARY
• Individual receiving the service: The
individual undergoing guidance and
counseling is known as the client. The
individual undergoing psychotherapy is
known as the patient who may, sometimes,
be given medicinal drugs as additional
treatment.

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 SUMMARY
• Duration: The duration for guidance and
counseling is shorter than psychotherapy
which may last from a few months to years

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 GOALS OF GUIDANCE &
COUNSELING
• Self-adjustment
Psychological • Mental health
support

• Understand and
accept the
Responsibility consquences of
the decision

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 GOAL GUIDELINES
• Goals are mutually agreed on by the client
and counselor.
• Goals are specific.
• Goals are relevant to behavior.
• Goals are achievement & success
oriented.
• Goals are quantifiable & measurable.
• Goals are behavioral & observable.
• Goals are understandable & can be re-
stated clearly.
 PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE &
COUNSELING

A planned
For all Shared
educational
children responsibility
process

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 Some Basic Principles
• Counseling is centered on the difficulties of the client.

• Counseling is a learning situation which eventually results

in a behavioral change.

• Effectiveness in counseling depends largely on the

readiness of the client to make changes and the therapeutic
relationship with the counselor.

• The counseling relationship is confidential.

 PHILOSOPY OF G&C
Every child has the potential to be optimally
transformed through the guidance and
counseling services that is:
- efficient,
- effective and
- ethical
founded on external and internal sourced in
order to produce children who are intellectually,
physically, emotionally, and spiritually well-
balanced.
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SAMPLE G&C PHILOSOPHY STATEMENT

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 IMPORTANCE OF G&C

Development in the industrial,

science and technology sectors

Urbanisation, changes the social and

value systems (breakdown in moral and
religious values)

Development in the media and educational

system
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DEVELOPMENT OF G&C SERVICES IN
MALAYSIA

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 Watch this video clip…
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 REVISION QUESTIONS
1. “Every teacher is a guidance teacher.”
Discuss this statement in the context of
primary schools in this country.
2. Your classmates are still confused about
the basic concepts of guidance,
counseling and psychotherapy. Uisng
relevant examples, explain the three
concepts to them.

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 REVISION QUESTIONS
• Mat is a hard-working Year Five student.
However, he seldom achieves excellent
results. This affects his motivation to
study. State two goals that can be set by
both Mat and his guidance and counseling
teacher during the individual counseling
sessions.

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 REVISION QUESTIONS
4.Teacher Mila has recently been appointed the
guidance and counseling teacher in SK Sg. Kinta.
She has been asked by the school head to set up
the Guidance and Counseling Unit. Her first step is
to prepare a draft of the philosophy statement of the
Unit. However she is not very sure how she can go
about this. Based on what you have learned about
the principles and philosophy of guidance and
counseling, discuss how you can assist teacher
Mila do this.

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