006 Wind Power

Why Renewable Energy ?
Conventional Power with fossil fuels:-GHG and Global warming.

Rapidly depleting fossil fuels.1 M.T.Coal = 1.5 M.T.CO2
We must shift to Renewable Energy. “ Shaaswat Urja”
4/9/2019 adp/I/Solar Power 1
Impact of Coal Based Power
Coal Water-
COAL
HEAT Generat Consum ASH- Million
MW P.L.F. G.C.V. Kg./K
Rate ion-MU ption MMT Meter
WH
MMT Cube
100 85 2400 3600 0.667 744.6 0.50 0.174 3
200 85 2400 3600 0.667 1489.2 0.99 0.347 6
300 85 2350 3600 0.653 2233.8 1.46 0.510 9
400 85 2350 3600 0.653 2978.4 1.94 0.680 12
140000 85 2200 3600 0.611 1042440 637.05 223 4200
The figures are an estimate and are not exact.

The last row shows present Thermal Generation
for INDIA as a whole.
HOW LONG THIS CAN BE SUSTAINED ?????
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
• Why renewable energy ?.
• Clean Energy - Sustainable energy
• Sustainable energy is the sustainable
provision of energy that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their
needs.
• And protects the environment.
D/mydocuments adp/NPTI/Wind 3
Power/28Apr2011
Re-plenshable Energy
• "Energy which is replenishable within a
human lifetime and causes no long-term
damage to the environment.“
• This sets sustainable energy apart from
other renewable energy terminology such as
alternative energy and green energy, by
focusing on the ability of an energy source
to continue providing energy.
Power/28Apr2011
3-Generations of Renewables
• There are three generations of renewables
technologies, reaching back more than 100
years.
• First-generation technologies emerged
from the industrial revolution at the end of
the 19th century and include
• hydro-power, biomass combustion, and
geothermal power and heat. Some of these
technologies are still widely used.
•
Power/28Apr2011
• Second-generation technologies - include solar
heating and cooling, wind power, modern forms of
bioenergy, and solar photovoltaics.
• These are now entering markets as a result of research,
development and demonstration investments since the
1980s.
• The initial investment was prompted by energy security
concerns linked to the oil crises (1973 and 1979) .
• But the continuing appeal of these renewables is due, to
environmental benefits.
• Many of the technologies reflect significant
advancements in materials.
Power/28Apr2011
Third-generation technologies
• Third-generation technologies are still

under development and include advanced
biomass gasification, biorefinery
technologies, concentrating solar thermal
power, hot dry rock geothermal energy, and
ocean energy. Advances in nanotechnology
may also play a major role.
Power/28Apr2011
• First- and second-generation technologies have
entered the markets,
• and third-generation technologies heavily depend on
long term research and development commitments,
where the public sector has a role to play.
• A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis review of
energy solutions in the context of global warming
and other issues ranked wind power combined with
battery electric vehicles (BEV) as the most efficient,
followed by concentrated solar power, geothermal
power, tidal power, photovoltaic, wave power, coal
capture and storage, nuclear energy, and finally
biofuels
Power/28Apr2011
WIND POWER IS
POLLUTION FREE.
NO FUEL REQUIRED.
NO ASH
WATER REQUIREMENT IS
SMALL.
ABUNDANTLY AVAILABLE.

Power/28Apr2011
WIND
MAP
Power/28Apr2011
The Global Scene
 Demand for Power is rising rapidly due to Industrial &
Economic growth and rising population.
 Conventional energy sources (fossil fuels) are depleting fast.
 For energy security, (Energy self sufficiency) dependence on

imported fuels is very risky.
 Remember sudden rise in oil prices in the past.
 Fossil fuels = CO2 =GHG=Global warming=climate change.
 Renewable Energy sources are the only option now.

(Installed ) AS ON 31 – 11 - 2012
TYPE MW %
THERMAL 1,40,976 MW 66.83 %

(This includes gas )
HYDRO 39,324 MW 18.64 %
NUCLEAR 4,780 MW 2.27 %
RENEWABLES 25,857 MW 12.26 %
TOTAL 2,10,937 MW 100 %
Power/28Apr2011
The Renewable sources of Energy.
• Bio mass (Bio mass in burnt to get heat)

• Bio gas (Generation of gas by decomposition)
• Wind Power
• Small hydro electric plants.(Below 25 M.W.)
• Tidal power.
• Geo Thermal.
• SOLAR- Photo Voltaic and Solar Thermal.

WIND ENERGY
ALL ENERGY COMES FROM THE SUN.
1. Fossil fuels (Coal + Fuel Oils + Gas )

2. Hydro-electric
3. Wind
4. Tidal
5. Ocean Waves
6. Bio-mass.
Power/28Apr2011
WIND
Wind is the movement of air,
From an area of high pressure to
an area of low pressure.
Wind exists because the sun unevenly heats the surface
of the Earth.
As hot air rises, cooler air moves in to fill the void.
As long as the sun shines, the wind will blow.
And as long as the wind blows,
Man will harness it (Wind) to power mankind lives.
Power/28Apr2011
Wind use from ancient times
Ancient mariners used sails to capture the wind and
explore the world.
Farmers used windmills to grind their grains and pump
water.
Today, people use wind turbines to produce electricity
from the breeze. Wind turbine use is increasing at more
than 25% a year.
Still, it only provides a small fraction of the world's
energy.
Wind turbines can be as tall as a 20-story building and
have 200-foot-long (60-meter-long) blades.
Power/28Apr2011
Wind power in India
• The development of wind power in India
began in the 1990s, and has significantly
increased in the last few years.
 Although a relative newcomer to the wind
industry compared with Denmark or the US,
 Domestic policy support for wind power
has led India to become the country with the
fifth largest installed wind power capacity
in the world.[25]
Power/28Apr2011
Statewise Wind Power
• As of December 2010 the installed capacity of wind power
in India was 13,065.37 MW, mainly spread across-
• Tamil Nadu (4132.72 MW), Maharashtra (1837.85
MW),
• Karnataka (1184.45 MW), Rajasthan (670.97 MW),
• Gujarat (1432.71 MW), Andhra Pradesh (122.45
MW), Madhya Pradesh (187.69 MW), Kerala (23.00
MW),
• West Bengal (1.10 MW), other states (3.20 MW)
• It is estimated that 6,000 MW of additional wind power
capacity will be installed in India by 2012.
• Wind power accounts for 6% of India's total installed
power capacity, and it generates 1.6% of the country's
power. D/mydocuments adp/NPTI/Wind 19
Power/28Apr2011
Clean Energy – No Pollution
Wind is a clean source of renewable energy that causes no
air-pollution or water pollution. (Unlike fossil fuels)
As wind is free, operational costs are nearly zero once a wind
turbine is erected.
Mass production and technology advances are making turbines
cheaper, and many governments offer tax incentives to spur
wind-energy development.
Some people think wind turbines are ugly and noisy.
The slowly rotating blades can kill birds and bats, but not nearly as
many as cars, power lines, and high-rise buildings do.
The wind is also variable: If it's not blowing, there's no electricity
generated.
Wind Power is NOT available round the clock-round the year.
Power/28Apr2011
Cross section of a wind turbine
Power/28Apr2011
R.P.O. (Renewable Purchase Obligation)
Power/28Apr2011
Obligated Entities
The minimum percentage as specified under Regulation 7.1 shall be
applicable to all Distribution Licensees in the State of Maharashtra
as well as to open access consumers and captive users within the
State of Maharashtra, subject to following conditions:
(a) Any person who owns a grid connected Captive Generating Plant
with installed capacity of 1 MW and above (or such other capacity
as may be stipulated from time to time) and consumes electricity
generated from such plant for his own use; shall be subjected to
minimum percentage of RPO to the extent of his consumption met
through such captive source.
Power/28Apr2011
Obligated Entities
(b) Any person having a contract demand of not

less than 1 MVA and
who consumes electricity procured from
conventional fossil fuel based generation through
open access as per Section 42 (2) of the Act shall
be subjected to minimum percentage of RPO to the
extent of his consumption met through such open
access source.
Power/28Apr2011
Tariff by MERC
As the wind availability is not same throughout the state,
MERC has made 4 zones as per possible C.U.F.
Capacity Generation
ZONE No Utilisation by 1-MW
Factor % in MU
1 20.0 1.7520
2 23.0 2.0148
3 27.0 2.3652
4 30.0 2.6280
Power/28Apr2011
Wind Zone – 1 (CUF = 20% )
Power/28Apr2011
Equity - Depreciation
Power/28Apr2011
Working Capital, O&M Expenses.
Power/28Apr2011
Yearwise Tariff Calculations
Power/28Apr2011
Components of Wind Generator
1. Tower-May be up to 200 feet high

2. Generator- Up to 2.5 MW
3. Blades – Length – 100 feet
4. Yaw mechanism- to align as per wind
direction. (3 ½ Rotations are possible)
5. Cables – To carry generated power
6. Step-up Transformer
7. 33 KV Sub-Station
8. Evacuation Line.
Power/28Apr2011
Wind Turbine
Power/28Apr2011
POWER CURVE
Power/28Apr2011
Working
A wind generator is an Induction Machine.
Generally it starts generation at a wind speed of
3 m/s.(10.8 Km/Hr).(Smaller m/c can generate at lower
speeds.)
As starting wind speed approaches,
the m/c is switched ON.
It starts as an INDUCTION MOTOR, drawing power
from the grid.
As wind velocity increases, the speed of the m/c tends to
rise above the synchronous speed and it starts working as
an INDUCTION GENERATOR.
Power/28Apr2011
Power Factor Correction
As it starts as an Induction Motor at No-Load,
its Power Factor is very low.
To improve Power Factor, Capacitors are used.
The generator output may be at 440 Volts / 1100 Volts.
Through power cables the Generator is connected to a
Step-up transformer to raise voltage to 33 KV level.
A 33 KV evacuation line ( O/H or a Cable) takes the
power to nearby Utility S/S.
Special meters are used to monitor Import/Export of
Power along with Reactive Power.
The meter stores ½ Hourly data for 72 days.
Power/28Apr2011
THE MAGLEV: The Super-powered Magnetic
Wind Turbine
Power/28Apr2011
Power/28Apr2011
Power/28Apr2011
Power/28Apr2011
Working Principle
Magnetic levitation is an extremely efficient system for wind
energy. (As the bearing friction is zero)
The vertically oriented blades of the wind turbine are
suspended in the air above the base of the machine, replacing
the need for ball bearings.
The turbine uses “full-permanent” magnets, not
electromagnets — therefore, it does not require electricity to
run.
The full-permanent magnet system employs neodymium
(“rare earth”) magnets and there is no energy loss through
friction. This also helps reduce maintenance costs and
increases the lifespan of the generator.
Power/28Apr2011
Advantages
Maglev wind turbines have several advantages over
conventional wind turbines. Starting wind speeds as low as 1.5
meters per second (m/s). Also, they could operate in winds
exceeding 40 m/s.
Currently, the largest conventional wind turbines in the world
produce only five megawatts of power.
However, one large maglev wind turbine could generate one
giga watt of clean power, enough to supply energy to 750,000
homes.
It would also increase generation capacity by 20% over
conventional wind turbines and decrease operational costs by
50%.
Power/28Apr2011
Advantages......
Construction began on the world’s largest production site

for maglev wind turbines in central China on
November 5, 2007.
Zhongke Hengyuan Energy Technology has invested 400
million yuan in building this facility,
which will produce maglev wind turbines with capacities
ranging from 400 to 5,000 Watts.
In the US, Arizona-based MagLev Wind Turbine
Technologies will be manufacturing these turbines.
Power/28Apr2011
Advantages ……
• Headed by long-time renewable energy researcher Ed
Mazur, the company claims that it will be able to
deliver clean power for less than one cent per kilowatt
hour with this new technology.
• It also points out that building a single giant maglev
wind turbine would reduce construction and
maintenance costs and require much less land than
hundreds of conventional turbines.
• The estimated cost of building this colossal structure is
$53 million.
Power/28Apr2011
Working of A Wind Turbine
Power/28Apr2011
Wind Power ASIA.
Power/28Apr2011
Growth of Wind Energy In INDIA
YEAR MW YEAR MW
2000 220 2005 4430
2001 1456 2006 6270
2002 1702 2007 7845
2003 2125 2008 9655
2004 3000 2009 10926
2005 4430 2010 13065
Power/28Apr2011
WIND POWER GROWTH - INDIA
GROWTH - INDIA
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Power/28Apr2011
Nacelle
Almost all wind turbines producing electricity consist of
rotor blades, which rotate around a horizontal hub. The
hub is connected to a gearbox and generator, which are
located inside the nacelle. The nacelle is the large part at
the top of the tower where all the electrical components
are located.
Most wind turbines have three blades, which face into
the wind. The wind turns the blades around, this spins the
shaft, which connects to a generator, and this is where
the electricity is made.
Power/28Apr2011
Induction Generator
The induction generator is an induction motor driven
above its synchronous speed by an amount not
exceeding the full load slip the unit would have as a
motor.
Assuming a full load slip of 3%, a motor with a
synchronous speed of 1200 rpm would have a full load
speed of 1164 rpm.
This unit could also be driven by an external prime
mover at 1236 rpm for use as an induction generator.
ASP MODEL COMPONENTS
TYPES OF GENERATORS
Power/28Apr2011
Induction Generator
The induction generator requires one additional item
before it can produce power – it requires a source of
leading VAR’s for excitation.
The VAR’s may be supplied by capacitors (this
requires complex control) or from the utility grid.
Induction generators are inexpensive and simple
machines, however, they offer little control over their
output.
The induction generator requires no separate DC
excitation, regulator controls, frequency control or
governor.
Power/28Apr2011
Why call it “Clean Energy” ???
So, with all the noise about clean energy, what
kind of improvement are we really talking about
with wind? Consider that every year 1MW of
wind energy can offset approximately 2,600 tons
of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the interest comes
into focus. The simple math is less fossil fuel
consumption equals less CO2. And measuring
carbon reduction has become a key benchmark
for monitoring the progress of alternative energy
adoption.
Power/28Apr2011
WIND ENERGY ESTIMATES
The Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) estimates that
there is a potential of around 90,000 MW for the country, including,
48,561 MW of wind power,
14,294 MW of small hydro power and
26,367 MW of biomass.
In addition, the potential for solar energy is estimated for most parts of the
country at around 20 MW per square kilo meter of open, shadow free area,
covered with 657 GW of installed capacity.
The total potential for wind power in India was first estimated by the Centre
for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) at around 45 GW, and was recently
increased to 48.5 GW.
This figure was also adopted by the government as the official estimate.
Power/28Apr2011
Summary
• Wind energy is clean energy.
• Reduction in CO2 emission.
• Empolyment Generation.
• Manufacturing Industrial Growth.
Power/28Apr2011
THANK
YOU
Power/28Apr2011
Power/28Apr2011

006 Wind Power

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006 Wind Power

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Why Renewable Energy ?

Conventional Power with fossil fuels:-GHG and Global warming.

The figures are an estimate and are not exact.

• Third-generation technologies are still

4/9/2019 adp/I/Solar Power 9

 Conventional energy sources (fossil fuels) are depleting fast.

 For energy security, (Energy self sufficiency) dependence on

 Remember sudden rise in oil prices in the past.

 Fossil fuels = CO2 =GHG=Global warming=climate change.

 Renewable Energy sources are the only option now.

THERMAL 1,40,976 MW 66.83 %

NUCLEAR 4,780 MW 2.27 %

RENEWABLES 25,857 MW 12.26 %

TOTAL 2,10,937 MW 100 %

• Bio mass (Bio mass in burnt to get heat)

4/9/2019 adp/I/Solar Power 14

1. Fossil fuels (Coal + Fuel Oils + Gas )

(b) Any person having a contract demand of not

1. Tower-May be up to 200 feet high

Construction began on the world’s largest production site

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