Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
E1
The operation of the Laser
• In 1958, Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow
theorized about a visible laser, an invention that
would use infrared and/or visible spectrum light.
• Properties of Lasers
– Produce monochromatic light of extremely high
intensity.
The operation of the Laser
The operation of the Laser
E4
E3
E2
E1
The operation of the Laser
E4
E3
E2
E1
absorption
The operation of the Laser
E4
E3
E2
E1
Spontaneous emission
The operation of the Laser
Spontaneous emission
1. Incoherent light
2. Accidental direction
The operation of the Laser
E4
E3
E2
E1
The operation of the Laser
E4
E3
E2
E1
Stimulated emission
The operation of the Laser
E2 E2
h h
h
h=E2-E1
E1 E1
E2
n2 �-( E - E1 ) �
= exp � 2 � E1
n1 � kT �
example: T=3000 K E2-E1=2.0 eV
• n1 - the number of electrons of
n2
energy E1 = 4.4 �10-4
• n2 - the number of electrons of
n1
energy E2
Einstein’s coefficients
E2
Probability of stimulated absorption R1-2
A2 -1 / B2 -1 8h 3 / c 3
() = =
B1- 2 h exp(h / kT ) - 1
exp( ) - 1
B2 -1 kT
Planck’s law
B1-2/B2-1 = 1 A2 -1 8h 3
=
B2-1 c3
The probability of spontaneous emission A 2-1 /the probability of stimulated
emission B2-1():
A2 -1
= exp(h / kT ) - 1
B2 -1 ( )
2. kT at 300K ~ 0.025eV.
E1
If n1 > n2
• radiation is mostly absorbed
• spontaneous radiation dominates.
if n2 >> n1 - population inversion
• most atoms occupy level E2, weak absorption
• light is amplified
Necessary condition:
population inversion
How to realize the population inversion?
Thermal excitation:
E2
n2 �-DE �
= exp � �
n1 �kT � E1
impossible.
Optically,
electrically.
The Uncertainty Principle
DxDpx �h
The Uncertainty Principle
Virtual particles: created due to the UP
DE Dt �h
The laser operation
E3 Fast transition
E2
Laser action
E1
• 13 pumping
• spontaneous emission 3 2.
• state 2 is a metastable state
• population inversion between states 2 and 1.
• stimulated emission between 2 i 1.
E3 Fast transition
The laser operation E2
lasing
E1
- optical pumping - occupation of E3 of a short life time,
10-8s. It is a band, the metastable and ground states are narrow :
DDt
- electrons are collected on E2: population inversion
rapid decay
4
T2
2
E
•694nm
LASING
4
A2
Ruby laser