by : Siti Nafisah Md Rashid

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 WHAT IS MEMORY?
 The ability to remember past experiences, and the power or process of recalling to
mind previously learned facts, experiences, impressions, skills and habits.

 “Having a good memory” involves both putting information into memory and
getting it back out—both storage and retrieval

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 Memory is complex and consists of various processes and stages.

 3 types of memory :
 Sensory memory
 Short-term memory (STM)
 Long-term memory (LTM)

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 To learn and remember, we must encode,
store, and retrieve information.

 STEP 1  ENCODING : interpreting

information in a meaningful way.

 STEP 2  STORAGE : working on

information so that it can be placed into
LTM.

 STEP 3  RETRIEVE : getting

information out of LTM.

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 Sensory Memory

 If one PAY ATTENTION to the stimuli,

it will go to the short-term memory
(STM). If one does not pay attention,
then the information will be lost

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 Short-term Memory
 has two components: immediate memory and working memory.

 Immediate memory is the ability to remember a small amount of

information over a few seconds.

 Working memory is a system for temporarily storing and managing the

information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as
learning, reasoning, and comprehension.

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 Long-term Memory

 Unlimited & large storage.

 Informative knowledge can be stored for long periods of time.
 From STM, information moved to LTM and stored here for later use
(retrieval). If the information is not being used for some time, forgetting may
occur.

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 HOW FORGETTING COULD OCCUR?

1. Did not pay attention to the information

2. Did not understand the information
3. Cramming (last minute study)
4. Did not have good strategies
5. Interference (having 2 exams on the same day especially if the subjects are
closely related for example psychology and counselling)
6. Test anxiety (negative thoughts about oneself, did not prepare well for the test)

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
1. Massed practice vs spaced practice
2. Break reading material down (again no cramming) for some period of time.
3. Rehearsal– repeat the information many times.
4. Elaboration strategies :
 Associations
 Acronyms / catchwords
 Acrostics / catchphrase
 Imagery – visualize the image of the information needed
 Organizational strategies
 Comprehension monitoring strategies

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 CONCENTRATION – focusing your attention on what you are doing.
 Causes of poor concentration :

 Lack of attention
 Lack of interest
 Lack of motivation
 Distraction from others
 Uncomfortable environment
 Physiological matters – illness, tiredness
 Psychological matters – personal problems, worries, anxieties

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 Use motivational and organizational strategies – create interest in the work, develop a
positive attitude toward you work, use goal setting strategies, use time-management
strategies
 Create a positive learning environment – find a better location, reduce multitasking,
minimize distractions
 Deal with internal distractions – deal with personal problems, deal with competing
activities,
 Use active learning strategies (as discussed in improving memory)

 Match your learning style to the task

 Monitor your concentration

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 is a comprehension strategy
 facilitates students think about
the text they are reading while
they are reading.
 helps students “get it” the first
time they read a text by teaching
students how to read and think
like an effective reader.

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)