SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION OR

CHARACTERISTICS

LECTURE # 02 & 03

Engr. Sobia anam

lecturer
EMAIL: sobia.anam@lumhs.edu.pK
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

 Continuous time & Discrete time Signals

 Analog & Digital Signals
 Deterministic & Non Deterministic Signals
 Periodic & Aperiodic Signals
 Even & Odd Signals
 Energy & Power Signals
 Causal & non Causal signals
 CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNAL

 A signal is said to be continuous when it is defined for all instants of time.

 DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL

 a discrete-time signal, will only have values at equally spaced intervals along the
time axis.
 A discrete signal can be derived from a continuous-time signal by sampling it at a
uniform rate.

 τ
If denotes the sampling period and n denotes an integer that may assume
positive and negative values., a discrete-time signal is represented by a sequence of
numbers x(nτ )
 ANALOG VS. DIGITAL

 If a continuous-time signal x(t) can take on any value in the continuous interval (a,
b),where a may be - ∞ and b may be +∞, then the continuous-time signal x(t) is called
an analog signal.
 If a discrete-time signal x[n] can take on only a finite number of distinct values, then we
call this signal a digital signal.
 DETERMINISTIC & NON DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS

 Deterministic signals
• Behavior of these signals is predictable w.r.t time
• There is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any time.
• Any signal can be described by an explicit mathematical expression, a table of data, or a
well-defined rule . These signals can be expressed mathematically.
• To emphasize the fact that all past, present, and future values of the signal are known
precisely
 For example x(t) = sin(3t) is deterministic signal.
 Non Deterministic or Random signals

• Behavior of these signals is random i.e. not predictable

w.r.t time.
• There is an uncertainty with respect to its value at
any time.
• Signals that either cannot be described to any
reasonable degree of accuracy by explicit
mathematical formulas. These signals can’t be
expressed mathematically. They are modeled in
probabilistic terms.
• For example Thermal Noise generated is non deterministic signal.
And also a speech signal
PERIODIC AND NON-PERIODIC SIGNALS

Periodic signals: a signal is periodic if it repeats itself after a

fixed period T, i.e. x(t) = x(t+T) for all t.

Example
 x(t) = A cos(wt)
 x(t+Tₒ) = A cos[w(t+Tₒ)] = A cos(wt+wTₒ)= A cos(wt+2pi) =
 A cos(wt)
 Note: Tₒ =1/fₒ ; w=2pifₒ
 PERIODIC AND NON-PERIODIC SIGNALS
CONTD.

 For non-periodic signals

x(t) ≠ x(t+T)
 A non-periodic signal is assumed to have a period
T=∞
 Example of non periodic signal is an exponential signal
 EVEN AND ODD SIGNAL
Even Signals
The continuous-time signal x(t ) /discrete-time signal x  n
is an even signal if it satisfies the condition
x(t )  x(t ); t x[n]  x[n]; n
 Even signals are symmetric about the vertical axis

 Odd Signals
The signal is said to be an odd signal if it satisfies the
condition x(t )   x(t ); t x[n]   x[n]; n

 Odd signals are anti-symmetric (asymmetric) about the

time origin 10
EVEN & ODD
DRAW EVEN AND ODD PART OF SIGNAL
EVEN AND ODD SIGNALS: FACTS

 Product of 2 even or 2 odd signals is an even signal

 Product of an even and an odd signal is an odd signal
 Any signal (continuous and discrete) can be expressed as
sum of an even and an odd signal:
x(t )  xe (t )  xo (t ); x[n]  xe [n]  xo [n]
x(t )  x(t ) x(t )  x(t )
xe (t )  ; xo (t ) 
2 2
x[n]  x[ n] x[n]  x[ n]
xe [n]  ; xo [n] 
2 2
• Notice that sine function is odd signal and cosine function14is
even signal.
ASSIGNMENT

 Prove that:
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t)
ENERGY AND POWER SIGNALS

 A signal is said to be energy signal when it has finite energy.



 x t 
2
Ex  dt

 A signal is said to be power signal when it has finite power.
T /2
1
 x t 
2
Px  lim dt
T  T
T / 2
NOTE:A signal cannot be both, energy and power simultaneously. Also, a signal
may be neither energy nor power signal.
Power of energy signal = 0
Energy of power signal = ∞
Periodic signals are generally power signals.
Non-Periodic signals are generally energy signals.
ENERGY AND POWER SIGNALS
 X(t) is a continuous power signal if:
2
1
x  t  dt  
T
0  lim
T  2T  T

 X[n] is a discrete
1 power signal if:
N 2

0  lim  x  n 
N  2N 1 n  N

 2
0
 X(t) is  x  t  dtenergy
a continuous   signal if:


 2

 x  nenergy
 X[n] is0adiscrete
  signal if: 18

n 
POWER AND ENERGY
x t 
 Example 1:The signal is given below is
energy or power signal.
x t 

t
0 1

1 T 1 1 2 1 1 9
P  lim  x  t  dt  lim  3 dt  lim 9t  lim  0
2

T  2T T T  2T 0 T  2T 0 T  2T

This signal is energy signal

2 1 2 1
x  t  dt   3 dt  9t
T 19
E 9
T 0
CAUSAL VS. ANTICAUSAL VS.
NONCAUSAL

 Causal signals are signals that are zero

for all negative time,
 while anticausal are signals that are
zero for all positive time.
 Noncausal signals are signals that have
nonzero values in both positive and
negative time
BASIC CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS

 The Unit Step Function

 The Unit Impulse Function
 Complex Exponential Signals
 Sinusoidal Signals
UNIT STEP FUNCTION

 Continuous-Time unit step function, u(t), also known as the Heaviside unit
function.

 u(t) is used to start a signal, f(t) at t=0

 f(t) has a value of ZERO for t <0
THE UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION

 The unit impulse function 6(t), also known as the Dirac delta function.
COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL SIGNALS

 The complex exponential signal:

 is an important example of a complex signal. Using Euler's formula, this signal can
be defined as
SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL PROPERTIES

xt   A cost       t  
• A – Amplitude of the signal
•  - is the frequency in rad/sec
•  - is phase in radians
Periodic Signal

0.8

0.6

0.4

 cos(-t+0.00)

0.2
cos(  t+  )

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1  cos(-t+0.52)

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Angle [rad]
 the sinusoidal signal where "Re" denotes "real part."

 We also use the notation "Im" to denote "imaginary part." Then

BASIC DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS

 The Unit Step Sequence

 The Unit Impulse Sequence
 Complex Exponential Sequences
 Sinusoidal Sequences
 THE UNIT STEP SEQUENCE
The unit step function or unit step sequence is defined
as the sequence with values
UNIT STEP SEQUENCE

 The unit step function u[n] has an amplitude of zero for n

< 0 and an amplitude of one for all other samples.

 The signal u[-n] has the value one up to and including n

= 0, and the value zero thereafter.
 UNIT IMPULSE SEQUENCE
The unit impulse function or unit sample sequence is
defined as the sequence with values
UNIT IMPULSE SEQUENCE

The unit impulse function δ[n] has an amplitude of zero at

all samples except n = 0, where it has the value 1.

Every digital signal can be written as a sum of impulse

functions, using the amplitude at each sample.
COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL SEQUENCES