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Extraction of Ores

What is Ore?
An ore is a naturally occurring source of a metal which can be obtained through the process of extraction from the ore economically. Ores are
extracted from the earth through mining.
What is Extraction?

Extraction is a separation process consisting in the separation of a


substance from a matrix. It includes Liquid-liquid extraction, and Solid
phase extraction. The distribution of a solute between two phases is
an equilibrium condition described by partition theory. This is based
on exactly how the analyte move from the water into an organic
layer.
Components of Extraction Process

Extractant: Material used Extract: The desired metal


to separate out the pure which needs to be
metal from contaminants. separated.
Steps of
Ore
Extraction Process
Zero Stage
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or
other geological materials from the earth.
Mining of stones and metal has been a human
activity since pre-historic times.

Mining operations usually create a negative


Mining environmental impact, both during the mining
activity and after the mine has closed.

Why we need to do it?


• Surface Mining - removal of surface vegetation, dirt, and, if
necessary, layers of bedrock in order to reach buried ore
deposits.
 Open-pit Mining
 Strip Mining
 Mountaintop Removal
Mining  Landfill Mining
Techniques • Underground Mining - Sub-surface mining consists of digging
tunnels or shafts into the earth to reach buried ore deposits.
 Drift Mining
 Slope Mining
 Shaft Mining
 Shrinkage Stope Mining
Stage 1
Simply means getting rid of unwanted rocky part in
the ore as much as possible to get metal from it.
It can be done chemically and physically using
Concentration of various techniques as:
• Hydraulic Washing – Tin, Lead.
Ore • Magnetic Separation – Iron.
• Froth Floatation Process – Cu, Pb, Zn.
• Leaching – Al.
Stage 2
Applied when we have highly reactive metals or
the oxides of metals. There are 3 ways of reducing
an ore to metal. These are:
(i) Reduction • Reduction of the ore with carbon,
• Reduction of the molten ore by electrolysis, and
• Reduction of the ore with a more reactive metal.
Calcination refers to the thermal treatment in the
absence or limited supply of air. Calcination is
mainly used for the oxide ores. Some examples are:
• Decomposition of carbonate minerals, as in the
calcination of limestone to drive off CO2
(ii) Calcination • Decomposition of hydrated minerals, as in the
calcination of bauxite and gypsum, to remove
crystalline water as water vapor
• Decomposition of volatile matter contained in
raw petroleum coke.
Roasting is a process of heating an ore to a high temperature in
presence of air. It is a step of the processing of certain ores. More
specifically, roasting is a metallurgical process involving gas–solid
reactions at elevated temperatures with the goal of purifying the
metal components. Often before roasting, the ore has already
been partially purified, e.g. by concentration. The concentrate is
mixed with other materials to facilitate the process. Roasting
types are:
• Oxidizing Roasting
(iii) Roasting • Volatilizing Roasting
• Chloridizing Roasting
• Sulfating Roasting
• Magnetic Roasting
• Reduction Roasting
• Sinter Roasting
Stage 3
Refining consists of purifying an impure metal. In refining,
the final material is usually identical chemically to the
original one, only it is purer. There are various ways to
make a metal pure which can be chosen depending on the
physical and chemical properties of a particular metal. A
few common methods of refining of metals are:
Refining • Fractional Distillation
• Distillation
• Liquidation
• Electrolytic Refining
• Ion Exchange Refining
References
• https://www.emedicalprep.com/study-material/chemistry/general-
principles-and-processes-of-isolation-of-elements/concentration-of-
ores/
• https://revisionscience.com/a2-level-level-revision/chemistry-level-
revision/bonding-and-structure/reduction-metals-extraction-ore
• https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-chemistry/inorganic-
chemistry/general-principles-and-processes-of-isolation-of-
elements/refining-of-metals.html

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