STATIC EXCITATION

EQUIPMENT FOR
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

PRESENTED BY:-
RANDHIR KUMAR VERMA
AWADHESH KUMAR SINGH
ARAVIND KUMAR YADAV
ABHAY KUMAR
(EEE, 8TH SEMESTER ,SOE, CUSAT )

1
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 Introduction .
 Excitation principle & Types .
 Excitation transformer .
 Field flashing & Field breaker .
 Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) .
 Renovation And Modernization.
 Conclusion .
 References .

2
OVERVIEW OF A POWER STATION
HV SYSTEM

CONTROL ROOM
STEP UP
TRANSFORMER LV SWITCHGEAR

AC & DC
HV- BREAKER AUXILIARY
SYSTEMS

CONTROL
AUX. SYSTEMS
PROTECTION
TRANSF
GOVERNOR .
1
GENERATOR
1 BREAKER

PT's
&
CT's
SYNCHRONIZING

SYNCHRONOUS EXCITATIO
TURBINE GENERATOR NSYSTEM

STAR
POINT EXCITATION
CUBICLE TRANSFORMER

3
WHAT IS EXCITATION SYSTEM
 Creating and strengthening the magnetic field of the
generator by passing DC through the filed winding .

4
TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

 Conventional DC (up to 100/110 MW units).

 AC (High frequency) Excitation system.

 Brushless system (used in 500 MW units).

 Static excitation system (used in 200 MW units).

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EXCITATION PRINCIPLE

6
EXCITATION PRINCIPLE

• Flux in the generator rotor is produced by feeding

DC supply in the field coils, thus forming a 2 pole
magnet of rotor
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Slip Rings From
Exciter
Brush

P P P P P P
O O O O O O
L L L L L L
E E E E E E

Shaft
EXCITATION DC DISRIBUTION
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EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
• Stator induced Voltage
E = K. L. dΦ/ dt
K = constant
L = length exposed to flux
dΦ/ dt = rate of change of flux
• Frequency of induced Voltage
F = NP / 120
Magnitude of flux decides generated voltage and
speed of rotation decides frequency of generated
voltage .

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 X-mer prot
Regulator >1
Power Rectifier (exct)
supply
Rotor X-mer prot transformer
current 415/380 >1
limiter 11kv/415v
415/380 Pulse
supervision
Stator
current
limiter
Filter Filter THYRISTOR
Rotor
angle limiter
Fan supply
Auto channel Gate ckt
Grid control Pulse
Automatic
PT amplifier
voltage
regulator Pulse final
CT Stage DC source
Auto/Man M Manual channel
Slip Pulse
stabilizer Grid control amplifier Field flashing
M o/ v prot
Comparator&
Follow up
AC source

G
Field breaker

STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM: BLOCK DIAGRAM

10
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SEE(static excitation equipment)

• AVR maintains the Generator terminal voltage.

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Static excitation system
• Supply tapped from generator terminals.

• Brushes are used to supply field current .

• Thyristor bridge is used with full wave rectification to

supply DC voltage .

• At the time of starting field is supplied from external

source called field flashing .

12
Cont….
 Field forcing provided through 415 v aux supply .

 Thyristors are cooled by air .

 The static excitation system is the most commonly used

excitation system for hydro generators .

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 EXCITATION TRANSFORMER
 It is directly connected to the generator & feeding power to the
machine via thyristor convertor.
 Oil & clophen filled transformers are still adopted for large
rating.
 But oil & clophen filled transformer are banned.
 Dry type transformers were taken up for large power & high
voltage rating.
TRANSFORMER CUBICAL RATING
 KVA-850
 Primary Voltage - 11 KV
 Secondary voltage - 380 V
 NO. of phases - 3ф
 Frequency – 50 HZ
 Basic impulse level – 75 KV
 Connection – DYN 5
 Type - CAST RESIN COIL DRY TYPE
SALIENT FEATURES
 Short circuit proof .
 High over load capacity .
 Resistant against temperature fluctuation .
 Moisture proof .
 Immediate switch on .
Cont…
 Non-inflammable

 Partial discharge

 Compact installation

 Operating condition
 FIELD FLASHING
 It is required for initial excitation as no power is
available to excitation system.
 For start up DC excitation is fed to the field from
external source like station battery or rectified AC from
station Ac supply .
 Filed flashing is used to build up voltage up to 30 %.
 From 30 to 70 % both flashing and regulation remains in
circuit.
 70 % above flashing gets cut-off.
FIELD BREAKER
 The occurrence of a fault on the generator terminals the
fault current has to be reduced as quickly as possible to
limit the resulting damages.
 In this, it is necessary to disconnect the excitation source to
reduce the fault current quickly & also to avoid high voltage
across the rotor which may feed fault current
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR(AVR)

 Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) maintains the

Generator terminal voltage at a given value
automatically by changing the excitation current to
the Generator field.

 The AVR supplies the required D.C. to the Generator

field depending on the load, power factor etc. to
maintain a constant terminal voltage.

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CONTROL SYSTEMS OF AVR
1. Auto control

2. Manual control

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TYPES OF AVR
1.Single channel AVR

 Two controllers one is automatic and

the other is manual

 Both the controllers are fed from the

same supply

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2. Dual channel AVR system
 One automatic voltage controller and
one manual controller
 Different power supply, gate control
and pulse amplifier units for each of the
controllers

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3.Twin channel AVR system

 Two automatic voltage regulators

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Function of AVR
 compares the Generator terminal
voltage with a preset reference voltage.
 If the Generator terminal voltage is less
than the reference voltage, the AVR
increases D.C. voltage across the
Generator field.
 Maintaining the constant voltage as per
the setting.
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EXCITATION AS A CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

If Synchronous Vg
Generator
Grid

Excitation
System

The automatic voltage control system

 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

GAIN
FEED BACK

I
N 2 6
P OP AMP
U 3
OUTPUT
T

REF 4
Block diagram of AVR

28
 AVR Inputs
 Generator voltage feedback signal
 Generator voltage reference

AVR provides the following functions

and signals
 Summing and amplification of signals to
provide the exciter rectifier firing angle
control signal.
 A signal for manual follow up.

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AVR Action
 Two inputs are of opposite polarity.
 When the magnitudes are equal, the
net input is zero.
 When unequal-the error is amplified
and reversed to obtain a correction
signal which goes to the
GPG(gate pulse generator)

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AVR CIRCUIT

31
+-50 V SUPPLY
 To power the regulator amplifier as well
as the optional accessories such as
manual follow up and power integral
stabilizer

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AVR CIRCUIT

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 Regulator Auxiliary Card
 3 phase voltage from the generator PT’s
are stepped down and applied to the
regulator auxiliary card which converts it to
ripple free dc voltage suitable for the input
of regulator amplifier.
 Balance Voltmeter
 A 30-0-30 V dc voltmeter is connected
across the output of regulator amplifier to
read the magnitude and polarity of the
output voltage of OP-AMP at any instant.
AVR CIRCUIT

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 AVR Voltage Setting
 From the +-50 V source ,-50 V is applied
and taken across a motorized
potentiometer which can be operated from
the control bench board. The variable
output from the pot. is applied to the
input of the regulator OP-AMP.
 Manual Voltage Control
 In the absence of AVR the voltage can be
manually controlled.
 The stabilized 15 V from the MPS is
applied across a second potentiometer.
The variable output goes to the GPG
together with output of the regulator
OP-AMP.
AVR CIRCUIT

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 MANUAL FOLLOW UP
 When there is a noticeable output from
the regulator OP-AMP, depending on its
polarity, either of a pair of relays is
automatically closed to drive the manual
potentiometer motor in the required
direction.
 THYRISTOR RECTIFIER
 RECTIFIER PRODUCES THE DC VOLTAGE TO
BE FED TO THE GENERATOR FIELD AS PER
THE SIGNAL PROVIDED BY THE AVR.

 THREE PHASE AC IS CONVERTED INTO

DESIRED DC VOLTAGE BY PHASE CONTROL
OF SCRs.

 MORE THAN ONE BRIDGE CIRCUITS ARE

USED IN PARALLEL TO INCREASE THE DC
CURRENT LIMITS OF EXCITERS
THYRISTOR SIGNALS
Anode

P
J1
N
J2
P Gate
J3
N
Cathode
3 PHASE SCR BRIDGE

R
Y
B
R B Y
3 PHASE SCR
OUTPUT
WAVEFORM
 FIRING ORDER

Time/
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Degree

Thyristor 1 2 3 4 5 6 1

Thyristor 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
 Current Limiting Resister

From Exciter
Transformer Blocking Diode

F
g g g I
E
1 3 5 L
D
C
g g g
O
4 6 2 I
L

Field
Breaker
RENOVATION AND
MODERNISATION
 Ancient excitation method was simple electro-
magnetic type.
 Due to the increase in unit sizes of generators and
commutation problems associated with dc exciters.
 when suitable high current and PIV rated thyristors
become available, S.E.S have been established.
Advantages of Static Excitation Equipment
Response: Fast response system leads to better
system stability during both transient and
dynamic condition. the machine does not lose its
synchronism during severe disturbances.

Redundancy: S.E.S works when problems in the

main circuits. circuits are planned to offer many
options for running the unit without shutdown
even during faults
Technology: There is absolutely no problem regarding
spares availability and at the time the Equipment will be
highly reliable with many novel features helping the
operating personnel.

 Interface: In this there are several optional facilities for

interfacing various types of other plant equipments for
erasing out extra burden on operating staff.

 Uprating: SEE can be normally designed with certain

margins whenever required and can be used during small
uprating of about 10% if required in future.
Comparison of Features of Static Excitation
System and Brushless Excitation system
 Very fast response and high
initial response systems.
 Generator field voltmeter and
rotor temperature indicator can
be provided due to the presence
of slip rings.
 Due to problems in design of
slip rings for current collection
for large TG sets generally
limited for single units up to
600MVA rating.
 Fast response
 Generally generator field
voltmeter and rotor temperature
indicator cannot be provided
due to absence of slip rings.
 For TG unit with single machine
size of over 600MVA and where
elimination of current collection
slip rings and brushes is
important, this is preferred.
CONCLUSION
 Static Excitation System using shunt connected, completely
static with thyristor control system or brushless excitation
systems are being used.

 The use of SEE results in considerable energy savings at the plant

along with the fast operation of the excitation system.

 The fast response of the excitation system assists in maintaining

transient stability of the power system.

 Quality improvement in design and manufacturing is gradually

strengthening. and it has large positive future scope of
developments.
 REFERENCE
 Journal on “Design of cost effective excitation system for synchronous machines”,
 Published in European journal of scientific research, Nov. 2007.
 Power Apparatus and Systems, IEEE Transaction, Jan. 2007.
 The transmission and distribution reference book, B.M Weedy, Washington house
Elect. Corp.
 BHEL manual for Static Excitation Equipment.
 Electrical power by Dr. S L Uppal.
 Electrical Power System by C L Wadhwa.
 Modern Electrical Power by Soni Gupta, Bhatnagar and Chakroburthy.
 Generalised Theory of Electrical Machines by Dr. P S Bimbhra.
 Modern Power System Analysis by I.J. Nagrath & D.P. Kothari.
 power electronics by P S Bimbhra.
 LOWER PERIYAR HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT, KERALA, INDIA .
(under sri jayasankar, assistant executive engineer,lower
periyar,kothamangalam)
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