Cognitive Radio Transmitter Sensing

Using Energy Detection

By
Discipulo, Joevaler
Entia, Christian
Gabisan, Andrick
Lacang, Cyrus
Palanca, Vianey

Alberto Bañacia, M.Eng.

Adviser
 Definition of Terms
Spectrum - the medium used for wireless
communications.
White Spaces – a spectrum free of RF interferers
except the ambient noise.
Spectrum Holes – a band of frequency that is
assigned to a primary user but is
not currently used.
Wi-Fi – is the standard frequency band used for
connecting other electrical device wirelessly.
WiMAX - is an IP based wireless broadband that
provides fixed and mobile internet access.
 Introduction
Cognitive Radio

-is a smart transceiver capable of

sensing spectrum holes and white
spaces in the RF spectrum.
Four Main Functions of Cognitive Radio

Spectrum Sensing

 Spectrum Sharing

 Spectrum Management

 Spectrum Mobility
 Spectrum Sensing Methods

Spectrum Sensing Methods

Transmitter Cooperative
Detection Detection

Matched Energy Cyclosta- Decision Data

Filter Detection tionary Fusion Fusion
 Energy Detection
- uses the hypothesis that all radio
transmission has energy, thus it could
detect a primary transmitter that is
not currently used.
 Statement of the Problem
•Inefficient use of the radio spectrum.
•Parts used for energy detection in not available in our area.

This research aims to:

i. Measure the primary signal energy within a specified duration.

ii. Make a detector that could determine whether or not the measured
signal energy is over the pre-determined threshold level.
iii. Make an energy detector with locally available parts .
 Significance of the Study
Helps students and other concern
individuals to know how Cognitive Radio sensing
works.

Helps secondary users who would like to make

use of a white space in order for them to
broadcast.

Help future researchers in our area who wish

to study energy detection because they will have
initial results from this study.
 Scope and Limitations
Ideally, a Cognitive Radio is able to detect
all white spaces in the RF spectrum.

 Wi-fi band
wiMAX band
TV frequency band
 Related Studies
Spectrum Underutilization
• It has been found out that the spectrum is
inefficiently used [5].
• The IEEE has organized a new working group
to find a solution for this problem [8].
• Cognitive Radios were implemented to solve
this problem [1].
 Related Studies
Cognitive Radio
• It is a novel approach for improving the
utilization of the electromagnetic spectrum
[7].
• It’s main purpose is to improve spectrum
utilization and efficiency by providing high
bandwidth to mobile users [1].
• Sharing of geographically unused TV spectrum
on a non-interfering basis [7].
 Related Studies
Basic Cycle of Cognitive Radio
Transmitted
Signal Radio Environment

Spectral Bands
Spectrum Information RF
Decision Spectrum
Stimuli
Sensing
Spectral Bands
Information

Channel Spectrum
Capacity Analysis
 Related Studies
Unique Properties of Cognitive Radio
• Capability
• Basic cycle
• Reconfigurability
• Operating Frequency
• Modulation Scheme
• Transmission Power
• Communication Technology
 Related Studies
Four Main Functions of Cognitive Radio

• Spectrum Sensing
• Spectrum Sharing
• Spectrum Management
• Spectrum Mobility
 Related Studies
Spectrum Sensing Methods
• Cooperative Detection
• Decision Fusion
• Data Fusion
• Transmitter Detection
• Matched Filter Detection
• Cyclostationary or Feature Detection
• Energy Detection
 Related Studies
Energy Detection
• Senses for a transmitter that is not currently
active.
• Senses the presence of other Cognitive Radio
in the area.
• Determine whether or not the measured
signal energy is over the pre-determined
threshold level.
 Find the basic block Methodology
diagram of the Energy
Detector

Find an existing
Energy Detector

Implement a
prototype for the
Energy Detector

Make the prototype

of the Energy
Detector

Test the prototype

Analyze the Data

 Basic Energy Detector Block Diagram

x(t) Decide
Y
Band-pass Squaring Threshold H1 or H0
Integrator
Filter Device Device

Figure 1 Basic Energy Detector

 Finding an Existing Energy Detector

Spectrum
LNA Oscilloscope PC
Analyzer

Figure 2 Implemented Energy Detector Prototype Block Diagram [4]

Finding an Existing Energy Detector

Mix IF Filter
LNA ATT er
Amp Amp
(RBW)

LO Spectrum Analyzer

Average
M
Bins
Squarer FFT AD
Test N times C
Statistics

PC Oscilloscope

Figure 3 Expanded View of the Prototype from [4]

Implementing a Prototype Energy Detector

• Design the circuit

• Simulate with SIMULINK in MATLAB

Making the Prototype

• Transfer design to Eagle CAD

• Board layout
• Fabrication
Testing

• Test the prototype in CBELS

• Will be subjected to a real time environment.
• Test in wi-fi, wiMAX, and TV band.

Data Analysis
 Halfway Deliverables
By the end of August, it is expected that the
schematic diagram will be done.

By the end of September, the layout for the

schematic diagram will be finished and the board
will be fabricated.

By the end of October, the prototype will be

tested.
 Bibliography
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2006.
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Radio System,” Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of
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IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 6, no. 4, August 1999.
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IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1801 –1811, May 2008.
[8] IEEE 802.22, URL: www.ieee802.org/22/.
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Thank You for listening