Buoyancy

11/15/2018 by Engr. Awais Ahmed Mirza 1

Buoyancy
• When a body is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid the hydrostatic
lift due to the net vertical component of hydrostatic pressure force
experienced by a body is called buoyant force and the phenomenon is
called the buoyancy.
• Or
• The tendency of the fluid to uplift a submerged body because of the
upward thrust of the fluid is called buoyancy or force of buoyancy.
• It is always equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body.
• The symbol for buoyancy is ‘B’ or

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Buoyancy
• The tendency for materials to rise
or float is called buoyancy.

• The buoyant force is the upward force

exerted on objects submerged in fluids.
Buoyancy is the ability of an object to float.
It is related to the object’s density

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 • It is easier to lift yourself in a swimming
pool than to lift yourself on land.

• This is because the water in the pool

exerts an upward force on you that acts
in a direction opposite to your weight

• The strength of the buoyant force on an

object in water depends on the volume
of object that is under water

• As you keep pushing downward on the

ball, the buoyant force gets stronger and
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Difference between Hydrostatic
Force and Buoyant Force
• The total force caused by the retaining liquid on the surface of the
structure. It arises due to pressure applied by fluid on the surface is
called hydrostatic force where as ,
• Buoyancy force
• When a body is either wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, a lift is
generated due to the net vertical component of hydrostatic pressure
forces experienced by the body is called buoyancy force.

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Difference between Hydrostatic
Force and Buoyant Force
• Hydro static Force is the pressure force exerted by the fluid at
equilibrium within the fluid itself.
• When a body of arbitrary in shape immersed in the fluid ,lets say
water, the fluid exerts the force against the weight of the immersed
body. This vertical force is called buoyant force or buoyancy

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Difference between Hydrostatic
Force and Buoyant Force
• Hydrostatic Force is the force due to the pressure of fluid at rest.
Whereas
• Buoyant force is the upward force exerted by any fluid upon a body
placed in it.
• So Buoyant Force is the resultant force of Hydrostatic Force in vertical
direction.

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 Forces Acting on Buoyancy
• The buoyant force is caused by the
difference between the pressure at the top of
the object which pushes it downward, and
the pressure at the bottom of the object
which pushes it upward.

• Since the pressure at the bottom of the

object is always greater than the pressure at
the top, every object submerged in a fluid
feels an upward buoyant force.

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Buoyant Force =FB

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Forces Acting on Buoyancy

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 Archimedes’ Principle

• More than 2000 years ago, a Greek scientist named

Archimedes created a law about buoyancy.

• The Archimedes principle states,

“Whenever a body is immersed wholly or partially
in a fluid, it is buoyed up (i.e. lifted up) by a force
equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the body”

• In other words, whenever a body is immersed wholly or

partially in a fluid, the resultant force acting on it, is equal to
the difference between the upward pressure of the fluid on its
11/15/2018 bottom and the downward force
by Engr. Awais due to gravity
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How to Calculate Buoyancy
• The buoyant force (FB) is equal to the weight of fluid the
object displaces.
• If an object is submerged it displaces its total volume of fluid.
• If it is partially submerged it displaces the volume of fluid equal to
its submerged volume.
• The weight of the fluid it displaces is the volume of fluid
multiplied by the fluid’s specific weight.

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• According to Archimedes Principle

• Or

• Where,
• is density of fluid
• g is acceleration due to gravity
• And v is volume of displaced fluid

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How to Calculate Buoyancy
Totally Submerged Object in Water

• Object’s Volume = 1ft3

• Specific Weight of Water (γWater) = 62.4lb/ft3
• FB = 1ft3 x 62.4lb/ft3 = 62.4lb

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 Float or Sink?

• The difference between the buoyant force acting up on the object and the
force due to gravity acting downward on the object will determine whether
or not the object will float or sink.
• If the buoyant force is greater than the gravitational force, the object will
float, but if the opposite is true, the object will sink.

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 Why did the Titanic
Sink?
• After it hit the iceberg, water began to fill the air
filled compartments on the ship.
• The added weight of the water, combined with
the weight of the ship became greater than the
buoyant force supporting the ship.
• We all know what happened after that!

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 Centre of buoyancy

• Centre of gravity refers to the mean

location of the gravitational force acting on
a body.

• The Buoyant force act through the center of

gravity of displaced fluid and is called
Centre of Buoyancy.
OR
• The point through which the force of
buoyancy is supposed to be act is known as
Centre of Buoyancy denoted by B.

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Upward force of buoyancy= weight of body
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Stability of submerged body

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• Stability of body is defined by the location of point B.
• Stability can be understand by states of equilibrium.

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States of Equilibrium

1. Stable equilibrium
The body returns back to its original position of
equilibrium, after it is slightly displaced from its
position of rest.
2. Unstable equilibrium
The body does not return back to its original
position, and heels farther away, after slightly
displaced from its position of rest.
3. Neutral equilibrium
The body occupies a new position (and
remains at rest in this position) after slightly
displaced from its position of rest.
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States of Equilibrium in submerged body
(i) when B is below G

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(ii) When B is above G

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 (iii) B at G (Neutral Equilibrium )

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• A uniform body 3m long, 2m wide and 1m deep floats in water. If the
depth of immersion is 0.6m, what is the weight of the body?

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 Prob: A block of wood 4m long, 2m wide and
1m deep is floating horizontally in water. If the
density of the wood be 6.87 KN/m3. Find the
volume of the water displaced and position of
the Centre of buoyancy.

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 Floatation

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• Floating body
• A body which floats on the surface of water.
• It is in state of motion i.e to and fro motion or oscillation.
• So now we are going to analyze the floating objects.

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 Why do things floats?

1. Things float if they are less dense than fluid they are
in.

2. Things float if they weight less than the buoyant

force pushing up on them.

3. Things float if they are shaped so their weight is

spread out.

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Difference between Submerged
body and Floating Body

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• So point B was fixed in case of submerged bodies but it is not fixed in
case of floating bodies therefore we can not determine stability of
bodies with same concept of submerged bodies.
• We need a point of reference from which we can analyze stability of
floating bodies.
• That point is called as Metacentre.

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Meta centre

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 Metacenter

• It is defined as the point about which a

body starts oscillating when the body
is tilted by a small angle.

• It is the point at which the line of

action of the force of buoyancy will
meet the normal axis of the body
when the body is given small angular
displacement

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Meta centric Height

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To calculate meta centric height
• GM= BM BG

• Note: +ve sign is to be used if “G” is lower than “B” and

–ve sign is to be used if “G” is higher than “B”.

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There will be two M.I (which one to
use)

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Oscillation about longitudinal axis is called rolling
Oscillation about lateral axis is called pitching.

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States of Equilibrium for
floating bodies:
If a floating body is given a small angular displacement (disturbing moment) and after the
removal of that Force or moment, body comes back to its original position. It is called as
Stable Equilibrium.

If a floating body is given a small angular displacement (disturbing moment) and after
the removal of that Force or moment, body does not come back to its original position. It
is called as Unstable Equilibrium

If a body in water or any liquid is given a slight angular displacement, it will neither
rotates nor goes to the original position but attains a new position . This type of
Equilibrium is known as Neutral Equilibrium.
•Note: Mostly Neutral Equilibrium can be visualized in spherical bodies.

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States of Equilibrium for
floating bodies:
(i) M is above G

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(ii) M is below G

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(iii) M at G
• Neutral Equilibrium

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 CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM OF FLOATING BODY
A body is said to be in equilibrium when it remains in steady state while
floating in liquid.
There are three conditions of equilibrium
a) Stable: This happens when the metacenter M lies above the center
of gravity G of floating bodies.
b) Unstable: If, the metacenter M lies below the center of gravity G
of the floating body.
c) Neutral: This occurs when Metacenter M and center of gravity G of
floating body is coincide.

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• Time period for oscillation of boat.(h.w)

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 A rectangular boat of 5m long, 3m wide and 1.2m deep
is immersed 0.8m in sea water. If density of sea water
is 10 KN/m3, Find Metacentric height of the boat.

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H.w

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