Mathematical Language & Symbols: Ariel F. Melad

2.
MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE &
SYMBOLS
ARIEL F. MELAD
VARIABLES
What is variable?
- a symbol that represents a quantity
VARIABLE
• Is there a number with a property:
“Doubling it and adding by 3 gives the same result

as squaring it?”
2𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥 2
VARIABLE
• Is there a number with the property:
“The sum of their squares equals the square of

their sum?”
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
VARIABLE
• Are there numbers whose squares are smaller than

the numbers themselves?
• Given any real number, its square is
a. nonnegative?
b. nonpositive?
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS
What is a set?
• Set was introduced in 1879 by Georg Cantor (1845-1918).

• A collection of elements.
• Set is denoted by capital letters.
• The elements are objects belong to the set.
• Given A = {a, b, z} , we write, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴. Also, 𝑝 ∉ 𝐴.
Definition of Terms
• Finite and Infinite set. Elements are possibly enumerated are
finite set. Otherwise, infinite set.
• Null/empty set. A set is empty if does not contain any
element. Denoted by { } or ∅.
• Universal set. A set containing all elements, denoted by U.
• Power set. A set whose elements are all the subsets of a

given set denoted by p(A), if A is the given set.
• Cardinal number. The number of elements of the given set
denoted by n(A), if A is the given set.
• Is {0} = 0?
• Is {∅} = ∅
• How many elements of the given set?
A = {0,{0}, {0,0}}
• Set Relations
a. Equal set
b. Equivalent set
c. Disjoint set
d. Overlapping set
e. Subset
• Set Operations
a. Union
b. Intersection
c. Difference
d. Complement
e. Set product
Venn Diagram. A very useful pictorial representation in

dealing with relations and operations involving after the
Cambridge Logician John Venn.
30 students prefer Accountancy (A)

40 students prefer Entrepreneurship (E)
35 students prefer Business (B)
20 would like to consider careers in both
A
Accountancy and Entrepreneurship
25 Entrepreneurship and business
18 accountancy and business
10 would like to consider all these career
E B
paths
QUESTIONS:
How many students who
1. do not like any of the three careers?
2. prefer business courses only?
3. prefer exactly one of the career paths?
QUESTIONS:
How many students who
4. prefer exactly two of the career?
5. do not like business courses?
6. prefer both automotive and Entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship & business?
• Homework. Answer all exercises in the module.

THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
What is a RELATION?
Definition. A relation ℜ between sets A and

B is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵. We read (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℜ as
“a is related to b” and write 𝑎 ℜ 𝑏. The set A
is called the domain of ℜ and the set B is
called its co-domain or range.
Notations: x ℜ y means that (x, y) ∈ ℜ.

x ℜ y means that (x, y ) ∈ ℜ.
A ℜ B
x y
Figure 1. Arrow Diagram of Relations of set A and B

Example 1: Let Z = {1,2,3} and Y = {1,2}

defined by a relation ℜ from Z to Y. For any
𝑥−𝑦
(x,y) ∈ ℜ means that is an integer.
3
1. Find Z x Y.
2. Which ordered pair (x,y) are in ℜ ?
3. What are the domain and co-domain of ℜ ?
Solution:
1. Z x Y = (1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (3,1), (3,2).
1−1
2. (1,1) ∈ ℜ since = 0 is an integer.
3
1−2 −1
(1,2) ∉ ℜ since = is not an integer.
3 3
Also,
(2,2) ∈ ℜ but (2,1), (3,1) and (3,2) ∉ ℜ .
Hence, (1,1) and (2,2) ∈ ℜ.
3. The domain of ℜ is {1,2} and the co-
domain is {1,2}.
X ℜ Y
1 1
2 2
3
Figure 2. Arrow Diagram of Relations in Example 1
Example 2. Define a relation ℜ from ℝ 𝑡𝑜 ℝ:

For any (x,y)∈ ℝ × ℝ, (x,y) ∈ ℜ means that
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
1. Which ordered pair in ℝ × ℝ are

relations?
2. Sketch the graph.
(1,0) ∈ ℜ y Fig.3. Graph of

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
(0,-1) ∈ ℜ
(0,0) ∉ ℜ x
-1 1
(2,0) ∉ ℜ
1 3
, ∈ℜ
2 2
(1,-1) ∉ ℜ y Fig.3. Graph of

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
(1,1) ∉ ℜ
x
2 2 -1 1
, ∈ℜ
2 2
Domain: −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 y Fig.3. Graph of

Range: −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
x
-1 1
Definition. A function ∅ mapping 𝑋 into Y is a

relation between X and Y with a property that each
𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 appears as the firs member of exactly one
ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) in ∅ . Such a function is also
called a map or mapping of X into Y.
Which of these figures a function?

Which of these figures a function?

Vertical Line Test. A test use to determine if a

relation is a function. A relation is a function if the
vertical line intersects the graph at most 1 point.
Example: A parabola that opens upward/downward is
a function.
1. Is a parabola that opens to the right or left a

function?
2. Is the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 a function?
3
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is a function?
4. Is the line 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5 a function?
Check your progress

1. Let A = {2,3,4} and B = {6,8,10} and define a
relation ℜ from A to B as follows: For all (x,y) ∈ 𝐴 ×
𝐵, (x,y) ∈ ℜ means that y/x is an integer.
a. Find 𝐴 × 𝐵.
b. Which ordered pairs are relations?
c. Write the domain and co-domain of ℜ.

d. Draw an arrow diagram for ℜ.
2. Let A = {1,2,3} and B={2,4,6}. For each relation between

A and B given as a subset of A x B, decide whether it is a
function mapping A into B. If it is a function, decide
whether it is one to one and whether it is onto B.
a. {(1,4),(2,4),(3,6)} d. {(2,2),(1,6),(3,4)}
b. {(1,4),(2,6),(3,4)} e. {(1,6),(2,6),(3,6)}
c. {(1,6),(1,2), (1,4)} f. {(1,2),(2,6),(2,4)}
Definition. A function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is one to one if

𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) only when 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 .
The function 𝑓 is 𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐨 Y if the range of 𝑓 is Y. A
map that is both one to one and onto is called
bijective.
Example 1. The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

is not one to one because 𝑓 2 = −2 = 4 but 2 ≠
− 2. Also, it is not onto R because the range is the
proper subset of all nonnegative numbers in ℝ.
Example 2. The function g: ℝ → ℝ defined by

3
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 is both one to one and onto ℝ.
Check your Progress. Check if the given equation is one to

one or onto.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
2. g(x) = x+3
𝑛 − 1, if 𝑛 is odd
3. h(n)= ቊ
𝑛 + 1, if 𝑛 is even

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2.

• Is there a number with a property:

“Doubling it and adding by 3 gives the same result

• Is there a number with the property:

“The sum of their squares equals the square of

• Are there numbers whose squares are smaller than

• Set was introduced in 1879 by Georg Cantor (1845-1918).

• Power set. A set whose elements are all the subsets of a

Venn Diagram. A very useful pictorial representation in

30 students prefer Accountancy (A)

• Homework. Answer all exercises in the module.

Definition. A relation ℜ between sets A and

Notations: x ℜ y means that (x, y) ∈ ℜ.

Figure 1. Arrow Diagram of Relations of set A and B

Example 1: Let Z = {1,2,3} and Y = {1,2}

Example 2. Define a relation ℜ from ℝ 𝑡𝑜 ℝ:

1. Which ordered pair in ℝ × ℝ are

(1,0) ∈ ℜ y Fig.3. Graph of

(1,-1) ∉ ℜ y Fig.3. Graph of

Domain: −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 y Fig.3. Graph of

Definition. A function ∅ mapping 𝑋 into Y is a

Which of these figures a function?

Which of these figures a function?

Vertical Line Test. A test use to determine if a

1. Is a parabola that opens to the right or left a

Check your progress

c. Write the domain and co-domain of ℜ.

2. Let A = {1,2,3} and B={2,4,6}. For each relation between

Definition. A function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is one to one if

Example 1. The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

Example 2. The function g: ℝ → ℝ defined by

Check your Progress. Check if the given equation is one to

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