BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA,RANCHI

ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE

PESENTED BY:NEERAJ PRAKASH MAHTO

MT/ET/10004/18
 CONTENT
• ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY
• BATTERY
• ADVANCED OF BATTERIES
• NANOTUBES
• ADVANTAGES
• CONCLUSSION
ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY
ELECTROCHEMICAL :
• Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry which deals with the study of interconvertion
of Electrical energy into chemical energy and vice varsa.

• Inter-conversion of energies takes place through a redox reaction.

• Electrochemical Cell is a device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy
and electrical energy into chemical energy.
TYPES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL:
• There are two types of electrochemical cell.
i)Galvanic Cell: - A Galvanic cell is a device in which the chemical energy is
converted into electrical energy. Ex: Dry cell, Pb-Acid cell, Ni-Cd cell etc…
ii)Electrolytic Cell: - It is a device in which electrical energy is converted
into chemical energy. Ex: Nelson’s cell, Down’s cell etc….
 An electrochemical cell typically consists of:
- Two electronic conductors (also called electrodes)
-An ionic conductor (called an electrolyte)
Classification of Galvanic Cells
I)Primary Galvanic cell: - A Primary Galvanic cell is one in which the chemical changes takes place are
irreversible. Ex: Dry cell.
II)Secondary Galvanic cell: - A Secondary Galvanic cell is one in which the chemical changes takes place are
reversible… Ex: Pb-Acid Battery Etc…

• Many portable electrical and electronic devices are designed to be powered from batteries – and in a lot
of cases, from primary or non-rechargeable batteries.

• This is the familiar kind of battery which has a fixed amount of energy stored in it during manufacture, and
once that energy has been used up the battery is simply thrown away and replaced.
BATTERY
It is a devices that transform chemical energy into electricity.
• Every battery has two terminals: the positive cathode (+) and the negative anode (-)
• Device switched on -> chemical reaction started - electrons produced - electrons travel from (-) to (+)
electrical work is produced.
An electrochemical cell comprises:
1.a negative electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the anode – donates
electrons to the external circuit as the cell discharges
2.a positive electrode to which cations (positively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the cathode
3.electrolyte solution containing dissociated salts, which enable ion transfer between the two
electrodes, providing a mechanism for charge to flow between positive and negative electrodes
4.a separator which electrically isolates the positive and negative electrodes.
Types of battery
Primary and secondary batteries
• Primary batteries are disposable because their electrochemical reaction
cannot be reversed.
• Secondary batteries are rechargeable, because their electrochemical reaction can
be reversed by applying a certain voltage to the battery in the opposite direction
of the discharge
• Primary cells
• Primary cell are non-rechargeable cells in which the electrochemical reaction is irreresible.

• They contain only a fixed amount of the reacting compounds and can be discharged only once.
• The reacting compounds are consumed by discharging, and the cell cannot be used again.
• A well-known example of a primary cell is the Daniell element, consisting of zinc and copper
as the electrode materials
• Secondary cells
• Only reversible electrochemical reactions offer such a possibility.
• After the cell is discharged, an externally applied electrical energy forces a reversal of the
electrochemical process; as a consequence the reactants are restored to their original form, and the
stored electrochemical energy can be used once again by a consumer.

• The process can be reversed hundreds or even thousands of times, so that the lifetime of

the cell can be extended.

• This is a fundamental advantage, especially as the cost of a secondary cell is

normally much higher than that of a primary cell.
Lithium battery
• Pioneering work for the lithium battery began in 1912 by G. N. Lewis
but it was not until the early 1970’s when the first non-rechargeable
lithium batteries became commercially available.
• In the 1970’s, Lithium metal was used but its instability rendered it
unsafe.
Lead acid battery
• The lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist
Gaston Planté and is the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite
having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume
ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells
have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These features, along
with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to
provide the high current required by automobile starter motors.
• Negative plate reaction
Pb(s) + HSO−4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2e−
The release of two conducting electrons gives the lead electrode a
negative charge
• Positive plate reaction
PbO2(s) + HSO−4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2e− → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
taking advantage of the metallic conductivity of PbO
The total reaction can be written as
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O = 2.05 V
 Standard Modern Batteries:-
• Zinc-Carbon: used in all inexpensive AA, C and D dry cell batteries.
• The electrodes are zinc and carbon, with an acidic paste between them that serves as the electrolyte.
(disposable);

• Alkaline: used in common Duracell and Energizer batteries, the electrodes are zinc and manganese-
oxide, with an alkaline electrolyte. (Disposable);
• Lead-Acid: used in cars, the electrodes are lead and lead oxide, with an acidic electrolyte.
(rechargeable).

• ‰Nickel-cadmium: (Ni-Cd); rechargeable, “memory effect”

• Nickel-metal hydride: (NiMH); rechargeable, “memory effect” (less susceptible than NiCd)
• Lithium-Ion: (Li-Ion); rechargeable, no “memory effect”, high energy density, power rate, cycle life,
costly
Nano-tubes
• Techniques have been developed to produce carbon nanotubes in sizable
quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, high-pressure carbon
monoxide disproportionation, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Most of
these processes take place in a vacuum or with process gases. CVD growth of
CNTs can occur in vacuum or at atmospheric pressure. Large quantities of
nanotubes can be synthesized by these methods; advances in catalysis and
continuous growth are making CNTs more commercially viable.
conclusion
• electrochemical storage or batteries that constitute a large group of
technologies that are potentially suitable to meet a broad market
needs. The five categories of electrochemical systems (secondary
batteries) were selected and discussed in detail: standard batteries
(lead acid, Ni-Cd) modern batteries (Ni-MH, Li–ion, Li-pol), special
batteries (Ag-Zn, Ni-H2), flow batteries (Br2-Zn, vanadium redox) and
high temperature batteries (Na-S, Na–metalchloride). These batteries
appear to be promising to meet the requirements for end-user
applications.
Thank you