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CSC099:
FOUNDATION COMPUTING II

CHAPTER 7 - ARRAY
PART I
Declaring Arrays
Concept of Arrays
Input, Output of an array
Exchanging elements of an array
Application in Array
String

Prepared by: Zaid Mujaiyid Putra Ahmad Baidowi

 Learning Outcomes
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 At the end of this lesson, students should be able:

 To describe the concept of ARRAY.
 To declare, initialize and access an ARRAY.

 To get inputs, display results and assign values by using

ARRAY.
 To use string in conjunction with ARRAY.
 Why should we use array?
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#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
int mark1, mark2, mark3, sum, average; The inputs are
all marks.
printf("Enter mark 1: ");
scanf("%d", &mark1);
printf("Enter mark 2: "); Can be associated
scanf("%d", &mark2); in one group of
printf("Enter mark 3: "); name  marks
scanf("%d", &mark3);

sum = mark1+ mark2+ mark3;

average = sum/3;

printf("\nSum = %d", sum);

printf("\nAverage = %f ", average);

return 0;
}
 Using Array…..
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Normal Way Using Array

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int mark1, mark2, mark3, sum, int mark[3], sum=0, average, i;
average;
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
printf("Enter mark 1: "); {
scanf("%d", &mark1);
printf("Enter mark 2: ");
scanf("%d", &mark2);
printf("Enter mark 3: ");
scanf("%d", &mark3);

sum = mark1+ mark2+ mark3; }

average = sum/3;

printf("\nSum = %d", sum);

printf("\nAverage = %d ", average);
printf("\nSum = %d", sum);
return 0; printf("\nAverage = %d ", average);
}
return 0;
}
 Array Structures
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 An array:
 is a sequenced collection of elements/related data
items of the same name and the same type.
 serves as an example of structured data types - they
are effectively just lists of variables all of the same
data type ("int", "char" or whatever).
 Arrays are “static” entities in that they remain
the same size throughout program execution.
 Array Structures
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 Specify the name of the array and the position number

(subscript) of the particular element in the array.
 E.g : marks[1]
 Loops can be used to:
 read and write the elements in arrays
 add, subtract, multiply and divide the elements in arrays
 The subscript / index starts with 0, and thus, in general the i-
th element of an array is (i-th)
E.g :
1st element of number array referred to number[0]
2nd element of number array referred to number[1]
3rd element of number array referred to number[2]
 Using arrays in C
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Difference between:
a. 7th element 
b. Array element 7 
8

Read or Print
using index

Example of an array flowchart

9 Basic concepts :
getting input,
displaying
content and
assigning value.
 Syntax: Array Declaration
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Syntax
 component_type identifier_name[size];

Declaration and definition tells the compiler the name of the array, type of
each element and size or number of element in the array to be reserved in
the memory.

Example
 float studentsCGPA[40];
Let say we are going to keep CGPA of 40 students in our class.

Thus, we need an array of the mentioned size (i.e: 40) to store the value of
CGPA.
 Example: Array Declaration
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double price[5]; float marks[20];

 Syntax: Array Initialization
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Syntax
 component_type identifier name[sizeOfTheArray] =

{list_of_values; equals_to_the_size_of_the_array,
separated_by_comma}

Example
 Array Initialization: Different Ways
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Basic Initialization without Size

int number[5] = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}; int number[ ] = {3, 6, 9};

Partial Initialization Initialization All to Zeros

int number[5] = {3, 6}; int numbers[100] = {0};
 How to input an array?
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int score[3];
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
score[i]=0;

int mark[3];
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
{
printf("Enter mark [%d] : ",i);
scanf("%d", &mark[i]);

** NOTE :
The & is used to provide scanf with a variable’s location in
memory so that a value can be stored there.
Usually done by using a for loop.
 How to display the content of an
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array?
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
printf("\nElement [%d], the value is %d ",i, score[i]);

for (i=0; i<3; i++)

printf("\nElement [%d], the value is %d ",i, mark[i]);

** NOTE :
Usually done by using a for loop.
 How to assign values into array?
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Wrong Way !!!

int mark[3] = {10,20,30}, new_mark[3];

new_mark = mark; // copy all elements from mark to mark_new

** NOTE :
 values can be assigned by using assignment operator

Correct Way
int mark[3] = {10,20,30}, new_mark[3];
int i;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
 Test Your Understanding 1
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Write a statement as stated below:

1. Declare an array name age with element type
integer and the size is 5
2. Initialize the array age to 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21
3. Display the content of the array age
4. Assign the array into a new array name
student_age
18

String
 String (Characters in Array)
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 String/Character Array : An array whose components are of

type char.
 Texts are examples of string : ”Hello there!”, ”UiTM”, etc.
 From the definition of string there is a difference between
’A’ and ”A”.
 The first one is character A; the second one is string A.
 A string such as “Hello" is really a static array of
individual characters in C.
 String (Characters in Array)
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 To store ’A’ , we need only one memory cell of type char.

 To store ”A”, we need two memory cells of type char; one
for ’A’ and one for ’\0’. (string – has extra memory location
for delimiter)
 All String in C ends with null terminated. In C, the null
character is represented by ’\0, called delimiter, which is
nonprintable. Therefore ”A” represents two character : ’A’
and ’\0’.
 Difference between ‘A’ and “A”
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 Character of ‘A’  String of “A”

 String (Characters in Array)
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 Consider the following statement:

char name [16];
 It declares an array name of 16 components of type char.
 Maximum string in name is 15 elements.
 If you store a string of length 10 in name,
 first 11 components of name are used
 last 5 are left unused.

** NOTE : A character array representing a string should

always be defined large enough to hold the number of
characters in the string and the terminating null character.
 String: Initialization & Declaration
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Declaration Basic Initialization

Syntax Syntax
char identifier_name[sizeOfTheArray] = {listOfValues;
char identifier_name[sizeOfTheArray]; equals to the size of the array inclusive of ‘\0’, separated
Example by comma} ;

Example

Initialization with Size Initialization without Size

Syntax Syntax
char identifier_name[ ] = “string”;
char identifier_name[sizeOfTheArray] = “string”;
**Note: Size of the array will be as the length of the
Example string plus the null character (‘\0’)
Example
 Getting Input String
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 Example,
 char ayat[ 20 ];

 Input Statement
 printf(“Enter a string : ”);
 scanf( "%s", ayat);
By using the conversion specifier %s , it reads a string from the
keyboard.

 The name of the array is passed to scanf without (&) unlike

integer.
 Getting Input String
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 Function scanf will read characters until a space,

tab, newline or end-of-file indicator is encountered.
 If the user types 20 or more characters, your
program may crash!
 Advisable to use the conversion specifier %19s so
that scanf does not write characters into memory
beyond the end of the array.
Input &Output : String Library Functions (stdio.h)
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Input Output Descriptions

scanf() printf() •For all input/output types (int, float,
double, char, string)
getchar() putchar() •For char input/output
•To input/output a single character
gets() puts() •For string input/output
•To input/output the whole value in a
string
 String Input/Output: Different ways
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#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 20
int main()
{
char message[SIZE];
printf("Enter a string : ");

return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 20
int main()
{
char message[SIZE];
printf("Enter a string : ");

return 0;
}
 String Data Manipulation
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 Manipulate Data
 Moving a character – use assignment
 Example: name[0]=’J’; name[1]=’o’;
name[2]=’h’; name[3]=’n’;
 Moving a string – use function call to read string.
 Remember! Below is error if you are using string to copy to a
variable.
 Mystring = “Hello”;
 String Function
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 Manipulating string data to:

 Copy string
 Determine length of a string
 Combine strings
 Compare & search strings.

 <string.h> header file MUST be used to

execute all the above processes.
 String Function - strcpy
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To copy string : strcpy(str1, str2)

 Copies str2 to str1, including the ‘\0’.
 Returns str1
 Can be used to replace an existing string or to initialize a string.
 Example :
char CarName1[20];
char CarName2[20]=“Honda City”;

1) strcpy(CarName1, "Toyota Camry");

printf("Car Name: %19s“, CarName1 );
Output :

2) strcpy(CarName1, CarName2);
printf("Car Name: %19s“, CarName1) ;
Output :
 String Function - strlen
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To determine length of a string : strlen(str1)

 Returns the length of str1. Exclude ‘\0’ in the length count.

 Example :
char CarName[20]=“Honda City”;
int length;

length = strlen(CarName);
printf("Car Name: %d“, length);
Output :
 String Function - strcat
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To combine strings : strcat(str1, str2)

 Appends str2 (source) to the end of str1(destination).
 Returns str1
 Example :
char faculty[40] = "Asasi ";
char university[20] = "UiTM, Shah Alam";

strcat(faculty, university);
printf("\n\nAfter concatenating,
%19s\n",faculty);
Output:
 String Function - strcmp
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To compare string : strcmp(str1, str2)

 Compares str1 to str2. It returns
 A negative value : if str1 < str2

 0 : if str1 == str2

 A positive value : if str1 > str2

char faculty[10] = “ASASI";

char input[10];
int i;

printf(“Enter your faculty:\n”);

gets(input);
i=strcmp(faculty, input);

if(i == 0)
{
printf(“You are from ASASI”);
}
 String Comparison (strcmp)
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 Apple is less than Book because

the first character of Apple is less
than the first character of Book.
 String Comparison (strcmp)
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 Apple is less than Ask because:

the first character of both strings
are the same
but the second character ‘p’ of
Apple is less than the second
character ‘s’ of Ask.
 String Comparison (strcmp)
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 Sem is less than Semester because:

the first three characters of Sem
and Semester are the same
but the fourth character of Sem
which is ‘\0’ (null character) is less
than the fourth character of
Semester, which is ‘e’.
 String Comparison (strcmp)
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 Door is less than door because:

the first character ‘D’ of Door is
less than the first character ‘d’ of
door.
38
 Test Your Understanding 2 – String
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 Write a statement of the following questions:

 Declare a variable name carType. The data type is char
and contain 20 elements.
 Assign “HONDA” to the carType variable.
 Read an input from a user and assign into new variable
myCar.
 Count the string that the user entered.
 Combine the input from the user input (myCar) to
string[40]=“MyCar is ”
 Compare the user input and the original data in
carType.
40

Examples of
Array Application
Example 1: To Add Values in Array
#include
41 <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int i,
//array initialization and declaration
int susun1[5]={2,4,6,8,10}, susun2[5], susun3[5];
Output :
printf(“Enter 5 numbers: ”);
Enter 5 numbers:1 2 3 4 5

//input values into array

for(i=0; i<5; i++)
scanf(“%d”, &susun2[i]);

//display values from arrays

for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
susun3[i]= susun1[i]+ susun2[i];
printf (“\nAddition of %d and %d is %d”, susun1[i], susun2[i], susun3[i]);

}
}
Example 2: To Determine the Minimum
value
42 #include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int i, score[5], min; Output :
Enter 5 scores:
printf(“Enter 5 scores:\n”);

for(i=0; i<5; i++)

scanf(“%d”, &score[i]);

min = score[0];

for(i=1;i<5;i++)
{
if(score[i]< min )
min = score[i]; The minimum score is
}
printf(“\nThe lowest score is %d”, min);
}
Example 3: To Swap Values in Array
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WRONG !!!
Example 3: To Swap Values in Array (cont’d)
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CORRECT
Example 3: To Swap Values in Array (cont’d)
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int temp; // declare variable temp

int numbers[5] = {3,7,12,24,45}; // declare and
initialize the array numbers

temp = numbers[3];
numbers[3] = numbers[1];
numbers[1] = temp;

printf(“After exchange the value :\n“);

for(i=0; i<5; i++)
printf(“%d”, ‘ ’, numbers[i]);
Example 4: To Produce Frequency
Distribution and Histogram
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 Common statistical application using array

 Frequency distributions and histograms
 Use frequency array to show number of identical
element in a series of number
 Histogram shows a pictorial representation of a
frequency array
Example 4: To Produce Frequency
Distribution and Histogram (cont’d)
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Scenario :
You were assigned to write program to calculate the response (5-Very
Difficult, 4- Difficult, 3-Moderate, 2-Not Difficult 1-Very Not
Difficult) of 10 students regarding the difficulties of C Programming.
Number of Students
response[9] Frequency Array Frequency Histogram

Very Difficult :*
Difficult :*
.. frequency[4]
Moderate :***
.. frequency[3] Not Difficult :*
.. frequency[2] Very Not Difficult :****
..
frequency[1]

response[1] frequency[0]

response[0] frequency

response
Example 4: To Produce Frequency
Distribution and Histogram (cont’d)
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#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10 // set the size of frequency
#define SCALE 6 // set the size of scale

int main()
{
int response[SIZE] = {1,2,1,1,2,1,3,5,4,4}; //initial values
int frequency[SCALE] = {0}; // set frequency to all zeros

int answer;
for(answer=0;answer<10;answer++) // looping for frequency
++frequency[response[answer]];// increase answer by 1 and increase response by 1

printf("Rating Frequency"); // just to display the message

int rating;
for(rating=1; rating<=SCALE-1;rating++)
printf("\n%d %10d \n", rating, frequency[rating]);
// to display the current value of rating
// and to display the value of current frequency
}
 Test Your Understanding 3
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 Now, based on the previous Example 4 program,

 Try your own to trace the following statement:
for(answer=0;answer<10;answer++)
++frequency[response[answer]];

 Try your own to trace the following statement

for(rating=1; rating<6;rating++)
printf("\n%d %10d \n", rating, frequency[rating]);
 Test Your Understanding 4 : What is
the output?
50 #include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int temp;
int numbers[5] = {3, 7, 12, 24, 25};

printf("Before exchange the value :\n");

int i;
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
printf("\nElement [%d] : %d",i, numbers[i]);

printf("\n\nStarting to exchange the value of element 1 and

element 3\n\n");

temp = numbers[3];
numbers[3] = numbers[1];
numbers[1] = temp;
printf("After exchange the value :\n");
int j;
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
printf("\nElement [%d] : %d",i, numbers[j]);

printf("\n");
}
 Conclusion
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 Array of numbers vs. Array of characters (strings)

 Declare / Initialize
 Input / display / swap
 scanf vs. gets
 String manipulation
 strcpy, strlen, strcat and strcmp