ch05 Forces in Beams and Cables

Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
CE 102 Statics
Chapter 5
Forces in Beams and Cables
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 1

Edition
Eighth
Contents
Introduction Sample Problem 7.4

Internal Forces in Members Sample Problem 7.5
Sample Problem 7.1 Cables With Concentrated Loads
Various Types of Beam Loading and Cables With Distributed Loads
Support Parabolic Cable
Shear and Bending Moment in a Sample Problem 7.6
Beam Catenary
Sample Problem 7.2
Sample Problem 7.3
Relations Among Load, Shear, and
Bending Moment

Edition
Eighth
Introduction
• Preceding chapters dealt with:
a) determining external forces acting on a structure and
b) determining forces which hold together the various members
of a structure.
• The current chapter is concerned with determining the internal

forces (i.e., tension/compression, shear, and bending) which hold
together the various parts of a given member.
• Focus is on two important types of engineering structures:

a) Beams - usually long, straight, prismatic members designed
to support loads applied at various points along the member.
b) Cables - flexible members capable of withstanding only
tension, designed to support concentrated or distributed loads.

Edition
Eighth
Internal Forces in Members
• Straight two-force member AB is in
equilibrium under application of F and
-F.
• Internal forces equivalent to F and -F are

required for equilibrium of free-bodies
AC and CB.
• Multiforce member ABCD is in equil-

ibrium under application of cable and
member contact forces.
• Internal forces equivalent to a force-

couple system are necessary for equil-
ibrium of free-bodies JD and ABCJ.
• An internal force-couple system is

required for equilibrium of two-force
members which are not straight.
Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Compute reactions and forces at
connections for each member.
• Cut member ACF at J. The internal

forces at J are represented by equivalent
force-couple system which is determined
by considering equilibrium of either part.
• Cut member BCD at K. Determine

force-couple system equivalent to
Determine the internal forces (a) in
internal forces at K by applying
member ACF at point J and (b) in
equilibrium conditions to either part.
member BCD at K.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Compute reactions and connection forces.
Consider entire frame as a free-body:

ME  0:
 2400 N 3.6 m   F 4.8 m   0 F  1800 N
 Fy  0 :
 2400 N  1800 N  E y  0 E y  600 N
 Fx  0 : Ex  0

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.1
Consider member BCD as free-body:
MB  0:
 2400 N 3.6 m  C y 2.4 m  0 C y  3600 N
 MC  0 :
 2400 N 1.2 m  B y 2.4 m  0 B y  1200 N
 Fx  0 :  Bx  C x  0
Consider member ABE as free-body:

MA  0: Bx 2.7 m  0 Bx  0
 Fx  0 : Bx  Ax  0 Ax  0
 Fy  0 :  Ay  B y  600 N  0 Ay  1800 N
From member BCD,

 Fx  0 :  Bx  C x  0 Cx  0
Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.1
• Cut member ACF at J. The internal forces at J are
represented by equivalent force-couple system.
Consider free-body AJ:
MJ  0:
 1800 N 1.2 m   M  0 M  2160 N  m
 Fx  0 :
F  1800 N  cos 41.7  0 F  1344 N
 Fy  0 :
V  1800 N  sin 41.7  0 V  1197 N

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.1
• Cut member BCD at K. Determine a force-couple
system equivalent to internal forces at K .
Consider free-body BK:
MK  0:
1200 N 1.5 m   M  0 M  1800 N  m
 Fx  0 : F 0
 Fy  0 :
 1200 N  V  0 V  1200 N

Edition
Eighth
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
• Beam - structural member designed to support
loads applied at various points along its length.
• Beam can be subjected to concentrated loads or

distributed loads or combination of both.
• Beam design is two-step process:

1) determine shearing forces and bending
moments produced by applied loads
2) select cross-section best suited to resist
shearing forces and bending moments

Edition
Eighth
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
• Beams are classified according to way in which they are

supported.
• Reactions at beam supports are determinate if they
involve only three unknowns. Otherwise, they are
statically indeterminate.

Edition
Eighth
Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam
• Wish to determine bending moment
and shearing force at any point in a
beam subjected to concentrated and
distributed loads.
• Determine reactions at supports by

treating whole beam as free-body.
• Cut beam at C and draw free-body

diagrams for AC and CB. By
definition, positive sense for internal
force-couple systems are as shown.
• From equilibrium considerations,

determine M and V or M’ and V’.

Edition
Eighth
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
• Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam may be
plotted.
• Determine reactions at
supports.
• Cut beam at C and consider
member AC,
V   P 2 M   Px 2
• Cut beam at E and consider
member EB,
V   P 2 M   P L  x  2
• For a beam subjected to

concentrated loads, shear is
constant between loading points
and moment varies linearly.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.2
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading • Plot results.
shown.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.2
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections on either side of load application points.
 Fy  0 :  20 kN  V1  0 V1  20 kN
 M 2  0 : 20 kN 0 m   M 1  0 M1  0
Similarly,
V3  26 kN M 3  50 kN  m
V4  26 kN M 4  50 kN  m
V5  26 kN M 5  50 kN  m
V6  26 kN M 6  50 kN  m

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.2
• Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.3
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as free-body,
calculate reactions at A and B.
• Determine equivalent internal force-

couple systems at sections cut within
segments AC, CD, and DB.
Draw the shear and bending moment
• Plot results.
diagrams for the beam AB. The
distributed load of 40 lb/in. extends
over 12 in. of the beam, from A to C,
and the 400 lb load is applied at E.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.3
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
MA  0:
B y 32 in.  480 lb6 in.  400 lb22 in.  0
B y  365lb
MB  0:
480 lb 26 in.   400 lb 10 in.   A32 in.   0
A  515 lb
 Fx  0 : Bx  0
• Note: The 400 lb load at E may be replaced by a

400 lb force and 1600 lb-in. couple at D.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.3
• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems
at sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.
From A to C:
 Fy  0 : 515  40 x  V  0
V  515  40 x
 M1  0 :  
 515 x  40 x 12 x  M  0
M  515x  20x 2
From C to D:
 Fy  0 : 515  480  V  0
V  35 lb
 M 2  0 :  515 x  480 x  6  M  0
M  2880  35 x  lb  in.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.3
• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple

systems at sections cut within segments AC,
CD, and DB.
From D to B:
 Fy  0 : 515  480  400  V  0
V  365 lb
M2  0:
 515 x  480 x  6  1600  400 x  18  M  0
M  11,680  365 x  lb  in.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.3
• Plot results.
From A to C:
V  515  40 x
M  515x  20x 2
From C to D:
V  35 lb
M  2880  35 x  lb  in.
From D to B:
V  365 lb
M  11,680  365 x  lb  in.

Edition
Eighth
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
• Relations between load and shear:
V  V  V   wx  0
dV V
 lim  w
dx x 0 x
xD
VD  VC    w dx  area under load curve
xC
• Relations between shear and bending moment:
M  M   M  Vx  wx x  0
2
dM
 lim
M

 lim V  12 wx  V
dx x0 x x0

xD
M D  M C   V dx  area under shear curve
xC

Edition
Eighth
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
wL
• Reactions at supports, R A  RB 
2
• Shear curve,
x
V  V A    w dx   wx
0
wL L 
V  V A  wx   wx  w  x 
2 2 
• Moment curve,
x
M  M A   Vdx
0
 
x
L  w
M   w  x dx  L x  x 2
0 2  2
wL2  dM 
M max   M at  V  0
8  dx 
Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.4
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, determine
reactions at supports.
• Between concentrated load application
points, dV dx   w  0 and shear is
constant.
• With uniform loading between D and E, the
shear variation is linear.
Draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the beam • Between concentrated load application
and loading shown. points, dM dx  V  constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under shear curve between
points.
• With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.
Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.4
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
determine reactions at supports.
MA  0:
D24 ft   20 kips 6 ft   12 kips 14 ft 
 12 kips 28 ft   0
D  26 kips
 F y 0 :
Ay  20 kips  12 kips  26 kips  12 kips  0
Ay  18 kips
• Between concentrated load application points,

dV dx   w  0 and shear is constant.
• With uniform loading between D and E, the shear
variation is linear.
Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.4
• Between concentrated load application
points, dM dx  V  constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under the shear curve between
points.
M B  M A  108 M B  108 kip  ft
M C  M B  16 M C  92 kip  ft
M D  M C  140 M D  48 kip  ft
M E  M D  48 ME  0
• With a linear shear variation between D

and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.5
SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal
to the negative of area under load curve
between points. The linear load curve results
in a parabolic shear curve.
• With zero load, change in shear between B
and C is zero.
• The change in moment between A and B is
Sketch the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the
points. The parabolic shear curve results in
cantilever beam and loading
a cubic moment curve.
shown.
• The change in moment between B and C is
points. The constant shear curve results in a
linear moment curve.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.5
SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal to
negative of area under load curve between points.
The linear load curve results in a parabolic shear
curve.
dV
at A, V A  0,   w   w0
dx
VB  V A   12 w0 a VB   12 w0 a
dV
at B,  w  0
dx
• With zero load, change in shear between B and C is

zero.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.5
• The change in moment between A and B is equal
to area under shear curve between the points.
The parabolic shear curve results in a cubic
moment curve.
dM
at A, M A  0, V  0
dx
M B  M A   13 w0 a 2 M B   13 w0 a 2
M C  M B   12 w0 a L  a  M C   16 w0 a3L  a 
• The change in moment between B and C is equal

to area under shear curve between points. The
constant shear curve results in a linear moment
curve.

Edition
Eighth
Cables With Concentrated Loads
• Cables are applied as structural elements
in suspension bridges, transmission lines,
aerial tramways, guy wires for high
towers, etc.
• For analysis, assume:
a) concentrated vertical loads on given
vertical lines,
b) weight of cable is negligible,
c) cable is flexible, i.e., resistance to
bending is small,
d) portions of cable between successive
loads may be treated as two force
members
• Wish to determine shape of cable, i.e.,
vertical distance from support A to each
load point.

Edition
Eighth
Cables With Concentrated Loads
• Consider entire cable as free-body. Slopes of
cable at A and B are not known - two reaction
components required at each support.
• Four unknowns are involved and three
equations of equilibrium are not sufficient to
determine the reactions.
• Additional equation is obtained by
considering equilibrium of portion of cable
AD and assuming that coordinates of point D
on the cable are known. The additional
equation is  M D  0.
• For other points on cable,
 M C2  0 yields y2
 Fx  0,  Fy  0 yield Tx , Ty
• Tx  T cos  Ax  constant
Edition
Eighth
Cables With Distributed Loads
• For cable carrying a distributed load:
a) cable hangs in shape of a curve
b) internal force is a tension force directed along
tangent to curve.
• Consider free-body for portion of cable extending
from lowest point C to given point D. Forces are
horizontal force T0 at C and tangential force T at D.
• From force triangle:
T cos  T0 T sin   W
W
T  T02  W 2 tan 
T0
• Horizontal component of T is uniform over cable.
• Vertical component of T is equal to magnitude of W
measured from lowest point.
• Tension is minimum at lowest point and maximum
at A and B.
Edition
Eighth
Parabolic Cable
• Consider a cable supporting a uniform, horizontally
distributed load, e.g., support cables for a
suspension bridge.
• With loading on cable from lowest point C to a

point D given by W  wx , internal tension force
magnitude and direction are
wx
T  T02  w2 x 2 tan 
T0
• Summing moments about D,

x
 DM  0 : wx  T0 y  0
2
or
wx 2
y
2T0
The cable forms a parabolic curve.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.6
SOLUTION:
• Determine reaction force components at
A from solution of two equations formed
from taking entire cable as free-body
and summing moments about E, and
from taking cable portion ABC as a free-
body and summing moments about C.
• Calculate elevation of B by considering

The cable AE supports three vertical
AB as a free-body and summing
loads from the points indicated. If
moments B. Similarly, calculate
point C is 5 ft below the left support,
elevation of D using ABCD as a free-
determine (a) the elevation of points
body.
B and D, and (b) the maximum slope
and maximum tension in the cable. • Evaluate maximum slope and
maximum tension which occur in DE.

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.6
SOLUTION:
• Determine two reaction force components at A
from solution of two equations formed from
taking entire cable as a free-body and summing
moments about E,
ME  0:
20 Ax  60 Ay  406  3012  154  0
20 Ax  60 Ay  660  0
and from taking cable portion ABC as a

free-body and summing moments about C.
 MC  0 :
 5 Ax  30 Ay  106  0
Solving simultaneously,
Ax  18 kips Ay  5 kips
Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.6
• Calculate elevation of B by considering AB as
a free-body and summing moments B.
MB  0: y B 18  520   0
y B  5.56 ft
Similarly, calculate elevation of D using

ABCD as a free-body.
M  0:
 y D 18  455  256  1512  0
y D  5.83 ft

Edition
Eighth
Sample Problem 5.6
• Evaluate maximum slope and
maximum tension which occur in DE.
14.7
tan    43.4
15
18 kips
Tmax  Tmax  24.8 kips
cos

Edition
Eighth
Catenary
• Consider a cable uniformly loaded along the cable
itself, e.g., cables hanging under their own weight.
• With loading on the cable from lowest point C to a

point D given by W  ws , the internal tension force
magnitude is
T0
T  T02  w2 s 2  w c 2  s 2 c
w
• To relate horizontal distance x to cable length s,
T ds
dx  ds cos  0 cos 
T q  s2 c2
s
ds s x
x  c sinh 1 and s  c sinh
0 q  s2 c2 c c

Edition
Eighth
Catenary
• To relate x and y cable coordinates,
W s x
dy  dx tan   dx  dx  sinh dx
T0 c c
x
x x
y  c   sinh dx  c cosh  c
0 c c
x
y  c cosh
c
which is the equation of a catenary.

Problem 5.7
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft A 200-lb load is applied at

point G of beam EFGH,
A D
which is attached to cable
2 ft B
C 3 ft ABCD by vertical hangers BF
and CH. Determine (a) the
F H
tension in each hanger, (b)
G the maximum tension in the
E
7.5 ft 200 lb cable, (c) the bending
moment at F and G.
40
Problem 7.158
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft
Solving Problems on Your Own
A D
2 ft B 3 ft
A 200-lb load is applied at
C point G of beam EFGH,
F H which is attached to cable
G ABCD by vertical hangers BF
E
7.5 ft 200 lb and CH. Determine (a) the
the maximum tension in the cable, (c) the bending moment at
F and G.
1. Identify points of the cable where useful information
(position, slope,etc.) exists. Cut the cable at these points and
draw a free-body diagram of one of the two portions of the
cable.
2. Use S M = 0 if you know the position, or S Fx = 0 and S Fy = 0
if you know the slope, to generate needed equations of
equilibrium. 41
Problem 7.158
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft
Solving Problems on Your Own
A D
2 ft B 3 ft
A 200-lb load is applied at
C point G of beam EFGH,
F H which is attached to cable
G ABCD by vertical hangers BF
E
7.5 ft 200 lb and CH. Determine (a) the
the maximum tension in the cable, (c) the bending moment at
F and G.
3. The tension in each section can be determined from the
equations of equilibrium.
4. For a cable supporting vertical loads only, the horizontal
component of the tension force is the same at any point.
For such a cable, the maximum tension occurs in the
steepest portion of the cable. 42
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft
Problem 7.158 Solution
A D Identify points of the cable
2 ft B 3 ft where useful information
C
exists. Draw a free-body
F H diagram of one of the two
E G portions of the cable. Use
7.5 ft 200 lb S M = 0 to generate the
Free Body: Portion AB
Ay
5 ft +
S MB = 0: T0(2 ft) - Ay(5 ft) = 0
A
T0 2 ft Ay = 0.4 T0
B TBC
FBF
43
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft
C
Free Body: Portion ABC
0.4T0
5 ft 5 ft
+
S MC = 0: T0(3 ft) - 0.4 T0 (10 ft)
A + FBF (5 ft) = 0
TCD
T0 3 ft
B FBF = 0.2 T0
C
FBF FCH
44
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft
C
FBF = 0.2 T0
Free Body: Portion CD

Dy +
S MC = 0: Dy(5 ft) - T0 (3 ft) = 0
5 ft
TBC D T0 Dy= 0.6 T0

3 ft
C
FCH
45
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft
C
FBF = 0.2 T0
Free Body: Portion BCD

0.6 T0
+
S MB = 0: 0.6T0 (10 ft) - T0 (2 ft)
5 ft 5 ft
TAB
- FCH (5ft) = 0
2 ft D T0
B
C FCH = 0.8 T0
0.2 T0 FCH
46
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft
A D
The tension in each section
2 ft B
C 3 ft can be determined from the
F H
E G FCH = 0.8 T0 FBF = 0.2T0

7.5 ft 200 lb
Free Body: Beam EFH
+
S ME = 0: 0.2 T0 0.8 T0
Ey
0.2T0 (5 ft) + 0.8 T0 (10 ft) 5 ft 5 ft
H
- (200 lb)(7.5 ft) = 0 F
Ex G
E
T0 = 166.67 lb 7.5 ft 200 lb
FCH = 0.8(166.67) FCH = 133.33 lb T

FBF = 0.2(166.67) FBF = 33.33 lb T 47
5 ft 5 ft 5 ft
A D
The maximum tension occurs
2 ft B in the steepest portion of the
3 ft
C
cable.
F H
E G T0 = 166.67 lb
7.5 ft 200 lb
Dy= 0.6 T0 Tm
Tm = T02 + (0.6T0)2 = 1.1662T0
= 1.1662(166.67)
D T0
Tm = 194.4 lb
48
Beam EFH Problem 7.158 Solution
FBF = 33.33 lb FCH = 133.33 lb
Ey
5 ft
The moments at points G
5 ft
F H and F are determined by
Ex G
using free-body diagrams
E for two sections of the
7.5 ft
200 lb beam.
133.33 lb
V
MG + S MG = 0: (133.33 lb)(2.5 ft) - MG = 0
G
MG = + 333 lb-ft
2.5 ft
133.33 lb
+
S MF = 0: (133.33 lb)(5 ft)
MF
V G - (200 lb)(2.5 ft) - MF = 0
2.5 ft 2.5 ft MF = +166. 7 lb-ft
200 lb 49
Problem 5.8
y px
w = w0 cos For the beam and loading
2L
shown, (a) write the equations
of the shear and bending-
moment curves, (b) determine
A the magnitude and location of
B x
the maximum bending moment.
L
50
Problem 7.159
y px Solving Problems on Your Own

w = w0 cos 2L
For the beam and loading
shown, (a) write the equations
of the shear and bending-
A moment curves, (b) determine
B x the magnitude and location of
L
the maximum bending moment.
For beams supporting a distributed load expressed as a

function w(x), the shear V can be obtained by integrating the
function -w(x) , and the moment M can be obtained by
integrating V (x).
51
y px Problem 7.159 Solution
w = w0 cos 2L
The shear V can be obtained

by integrating the function -w(x)
and the moment M can be
A x
B obtained by integrating V (x).
x
L
dV
= -w = -w0 cos px
dx 2L
px
V = -  wdx = - w0 ( 2L )sin 2L + C1
p
dM px
= V = - w0 ( 2L )sin 2L + C1
dx p
2L 2 px
M =  Vdx = w0 ( ) cos 2L + C1x + C2
p 52
w = w0 cos 2L

A x
x
L 2L px
V = - w0 ( )sin 2L + C1
p
2L 2 px
M = w0 ( ) cos 2L + C1x + C2
p
Boundary conditions
At x = 0 : V = C1 = 0 C1 = 0
At x = 0 : M = w0 (2L/p)2 cos (0) + C2 = 0
C2 = -w0 (2L/p)2
53
w = w0 cos 2L

A x
x
L 2L px
V = - w0 ( )sin 2L
p
2L 2 px 2L 2
M = w0 ( ) cos 2L - w0 ( p )
p
2L 2 px
M = w0 ( ) ( -1 + cos 2L )
p
2L 2
Mmax at x = L: Mmax = w0 ( ) [-1 + 0]
p
4
Mmax = p2 w0 L2 54
Problem 5.9
120 mm
B
It has been experimentally
A
determined that the bending
100 mm E moment at point K of the frame
J
F shown is 300 N-m. Determine
100 mm
(a) the tension in rods AE and
k
100 mm FD, (b) the corresponding
D internal forces at point J.
C
280 mm
55
120 mm Problem 7.161
B A Solving Problems on Your Own
100 mm E
J It has been experimentally
F determined that the bending
100 mm
k moment at point K of the frame
100 mm
D
shown is 300 N-m. Determine
(a) the tension in rods AE and
C
FD, (b) the corresponding
280 mm internal forces at point J.
1. Cut the member at a point, and draw the free-body diagram

of each of the two portions.
2. Select one of the two free-body diagrams and use it to write

the equations of equilibrium.
56
120 mm Problem 7.161 Solution
B A
Tx Cut the member at a point, and
100 mm draw the free-body diagram of
J T each of the two portions.
100 mm Ty
k
V MK = 300 N-m A
F D
3002 + 1602 = 340
300
D
280 - 120 = 160 A
F 8
MK = 300 N-m
T Ty 17 15
V
k
100 mm Tx 15 D
D Ty = 17 T
C
8
280 mm Tx = 17 T
57
8
B A Tx = 17 T
Select one of the two free-body
diagrams and use it to write
200 mm J 15 the equations of equilibrium.
Ty = T
17
k
V MK = 300 N-m Free Body: ABK
F D
+ SMk = 0: 300 N-m - 8 T(0.2 m) - 15 T(0.12 m) = 0

17 17
T = 1500 N
58
B A 8
Tx = (1500) = 705.88 N
17
100 mm
J 15
V MJ Ty = (1500) = 1323.53 N
17
F
D Free Body: ABJ
+ SMJ = 0: MJ - (705.88 N)(0.1 m) - (1323.53 N)(0.12 m) = 0
MJ = 229 N-m
+
SFx = 0: 705.88 N - V = 0 V = 706 N
+ SFy = 0: -F - 1323.53 N = 0 F = 1324 N
59
Problem 5.10
9m 6m
Cable ACB supports a load
A
uniformly distributed along
2.25 m the horizontal as shown.
a B
C The lowest point C is
located 9 m to the right of A.
60 kg/m
Determine (a) the vertical
distance a, (b) the length of the cable, (c) the components of the
reaction at A.
60
9m 6m Problem 7.162
A Solving Problems on Your Own
2.25 m Cable ACB supports a load
a B
C uniformly distributed along
60 kg/m
the horizontal as shown.
The lowest point C is
located 9 m to the right of A.
Determine (a) the vertical distance a, (b) the length of the cable,
(c) the components of the reaction at A.
1. Identify points of the cable where useful information
(position, slope,etc.) exists. Cut the cable at these points and
draw a free-body diagram of the two portions of the cable.
2. Use S M = 0 if you know the position, or S Fx = 0 and S Fy = 0
if you know the slope, to generate needed equations of
equilibrium.
3. The length of the cable can be determined from (7.10). 61
Free Body : Portion AC Problem 7.162 Solution
9m Identify points of the cable where useful

T0 Ay information exists. Cut the cable at these
A
points and draw a free-body diagram.
a
T0 Use S M = 0 if you know the position, or
C
S Fx = 0 and S Fy = 0 if you know the
slope to generate needed equations of
9w
equilibrium.
4.5 m
+ S Fy = 0: Ay - 9w =0, Ay = 9w
+ S MA = 0: To a - (9w)(4.5 m) = 0, To a = 40.5w (1)
62
Free Body : Portion CB Problem 7.162 Solution
By Identify points of the cable where useful

6m
information exists. Cut the cable at these
yB
B T0 points and draw a free-body diagram.
T0 C Use S M = 0 if you know the position, or
S Fx = 0 and S Fy = 0 if you know the
6w 3m
slope to generate needed equations of
equilibrium.
+ S Fy = 0: By - 6w = 0, By = 6w
+ S MB = 0: (6w)(3 m) - To yB = 0, To yB = 18w
63
Free Body : Entire Cable Problem 7.162 Solution
9m 6m
9w
A 6w
To a = 40.5w (1)
T0 2.25 m
B
C T0 yB = a - 2.25
Identify points of the

7.5 m cable where useful
15w
information exists.
Cut the cable at these points and draw a free-body diagram. Use
S M = 0 if you know the position, or S Fx = 0 and S Fy = 0 if you
know the slope, to generate needed equations of equilibrium.
+ S MA = 0: 6w (15 m) - 15w(7.5 m) + To (2.25 m) = 0

To = 10w
Using (1) (10w) a = 40.5w a = 4.05 m
64
9w
9m 6m Problem 7.162 Solution
10w 6w
A (b) Length of AC & CB
2.25 m The length of the
4.05 B
C 10w cable can be
determined from
7.5 m
(7.10).
15w
yA 4.05
Portion AC xA = 9 m, yA = a = 4.05 m;
xA = 9 = 0.45
2 yA 2 2 yA 4
SAC = xA [1 + 3 x
A
(
-
5 x )
A
] ( )
+ ...
SAC = 9 m [ 1 + (2/3)(0.45)2 - (2/5)(0.45)2 + ... ]= 10.067 m
yB
Portion CB xB = 6 m, yB = 4.05 - 2.25 = 1.8 m;
xB = 0.3
SCB = 6 m [ 1 + (2/3)(0.3)2 - (2/5)(0.3)2 + ... ]= 6.341 m
SABC = SAC + SCB = 10.067 + 6.341 SABC = 16.41 m 65
(c) Components of Reaction at A Problem 7.162 Solution
9m 6m
9w
10w 6w
A
2.25 m
4.05 B
C 10w
7.5 m
15w
Ay = 9w = 9(60 kg/m)(9.81 m/s2) = 5297.4 N
Ax = 10w = 10(60 kg/m)(9.81 m/s2) = 5886 N

Ay = 5300 N
Ax = 5890 N
66
Problem 5.13
1500 lb/ft For the beam and loading shown,

A B (a) draw the shear and bending-
C
moment diagrams, (b) determine
6000 lb
the magnitude and location of the
4 ft 6 ft maximum absolute value of the
bending moment.
67
Problem 7.163
1500 lb/ft Solving Problems on Your Own

A B For the beam and loading shown,
C
6000 lb
(a) draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams, (b) determine
4 ft 6 ft the magnitude and location of the
maximum absolute value of the
bending moment.
1. Draw a free-body diagram for the entire beam, and use it to
determine the reactions at the beam supports.
2. Draw the shear diagram.
3. Draw the bending-moment diagram by computing the area

under each portion of the shear curve.
68
3 ft 9 kips Problem 7.163 Solution
Draw a free-body diagram for

the entire beam, and use it to
C determine the reactions at the
A B beam supports.
4 ft 6 ft 6 kips
+ S MA = 0 : (6 kips)(10 ft) - (9 kips)(7 ft) + B (4 ft) = 0
B = 0.75 kips
+ S F = 0 : A + 0.75 kips + 6 kips - 9 kips = 0
y
A = 2.25 kips
69
Draw the shear diagram. Problem 7.163 Solution
1.5 kips/ft
A B C
2.25 kips 0.75 kips 6 kips

4 ft 6 ft
V (kips) + 3 kip
+ 2.25 kip D
x
A B C
VB 3 kips
BD = =
w 1.5 kips/ft
2 ft 4 ft - 6 kip
70
Draw the bending-moment diagram. Problem 7.163 Solution
1.5 kips/ft
A B C
2.25 kips 0.75 kips 6 kips

4 ft 6 ft
V (kips) + 3 kip 1
(3 kips)(2 ft) = (+3 kip-ft)
2
+ 2.25 kip (+9 kip-ft) D
x
A B C
(- 12 kip-ft)
VB 3 kips
BD = =
w 1.5 kips/ft
2 ft 4 ft - 6 kip
(+12 kip-ft) Mmax = 12 kip-ft

(+9 kip-ft)
M (kip-ft)
6 ft from A
A
x
B D C 71

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Forces in Beams and Cables

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 1

Introduction Sample Problem 7.4

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 2

• The current chapter is concerned with determining the internal

• Focus is on two important types of engineering structures:

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 3

• Internal forces equivalent to F and -F are

• Multiforce member ABCD is in equil-

• Internal forces equivalent to a force-

• An internal force-couple system is

• Cut member ACF at J. The internal

• Cut member BCD at K. Determine

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 5

Consider entire frame as a free-body:

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 6

Consider member ABE as free-body:

From member BCD,

Consider free-body AJ:

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 8

Consider free-body BK:

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 9

• Beam can be subjected to concentrated loads or

• Beam design is two-step process:

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 10

• Beams are classified according to way in which they are

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 11

• Determine reactions at supports by

• Cut beam at C and draw free-body

• From equilibrium considerations,

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 12

• For a beam subjected to

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 13

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 14

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 15

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 16

• Determine equivalent internal force-

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 17

• Note: The 400 lb load at E may be replaced by a

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 18

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 19

• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 20

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 21

• Relations between shear and bending moment:

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 22

• Between concentrated load application points,

• With a linear shear variation between D

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 26

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 27

• With zero load, change in shear between B and C is

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 28

• The change in moment between B and C is equal

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 29

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 30

• With loading on cable from lowest point C to a

• Summing moments about D,

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 33

• Calculate elevation of B by considering

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 34

and from taking cable portion ABC as a

Similarly, calculate elevation of D using