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ENGINEERING
EE20/EE21
Basic Concepts and Fundamental Laws
A. Electrical Unit
BASE UNITS in S. I.
The charge will not move unless you apply the potential difference
+ V - + V -
Voltage Drop Voltage Rise
• Network Analysis
Defined as the quantitative or mathematical analysis of voltage
and current behavior when electrical devices are connected at least one
closed path.
• Network
Defined as an interconnection of electrical elements in which
there may or may not be at least one closed path.
• Circuit
Defined as an interconnection of electrical elements in which
there is at least one closed path in which current may flow.
Electrical Components
1. Active Elements
• Elements capable of supplying energy.
• Components which are capable of controlling voltages to produce gain and
switching action in a circuit.
a. Voltage Source
• Independent voltage source
• Dependent / Controlled sources
b. Current Sources
• Independent Current source
• Dependent / Controlled sources
Independent Sources
+
_
V I
+
-
RL/A
R=L
A
but V = A L
L = V / A; A = V / L
R = V = L2
A2 V
where:
= resistivity or specific resistance of a given material at a
certain
temperature. (Ω-m)
L = length (m)
A = cross-sectional area (m2)
V = volume (m3)
Resistivity of Copper at 200C
G=1/xA/L
G= A/L
• where:
• G = Conductance in mho or Siemens
• (S)
• = conductivity constant in S / m
Percent Conductivity
• % conductivity = . material x 100%
annealed Cu
R2 = R1 [ /Tx/ + T2 ]
[ /Tx/ + T1 ]
• where:
R1 = Resistance at temperature T1
R2 = Resistance at temperature T2
T1 = Initial Temperature
T2 = Final Temperature
Tx = Inferred zero resistance temperature
= Inferred absolute zero temperature
Inferred zero resistance temperature (Tx)
• where:
1 = temperature coefficient of resistance in / ºC
t = Change in temperature
1 = 1 .
/Tx/ + T1
Resistivity Constant, Inferred zero resistance temperature and
Temperature Coefficient of resistance of some common electrical
material
Material at 20 ºC Tx at 20 ºC
(Ω - m)
Silver 1.64 x 10-8 243 0.0038
Copper 1.72 x 10-8 234.5 0.00393
Aluminum 2.83 x 10-8 236 0.0039
Tungsten 5.50 x 10-8 202 0.0045
Nickel 7.80 x 10-8 147 0.006
Iron 12.0 x 10-8 180 0.0055
Constantan 49.0 x 10-8 0.000008
Nichrome 110 x 10-8 6250 0.00016
Carbon -0.0005
Resistor Color Coding