According to Payne (2010) there are two framework

where humans can be related:

Anthropocentric vs. Ecocentric

• Based on the anthropocentric model, humans
are superior and central to the universe.
• Ecocentric model, the ecological or relational
integrity of the humans, provides meaning of
our moral and values and it is nature centered.
 ‘
Notice things that are not in
their place and organize them in an
aesthetic way

A. Ancient thinkers
Early greek philosophers, the Milesians,
regarded nature as spatially without
boundaries, that is, as infinite or indefinite in
extent.
ANAXIMANDER
•Creation- Destruction
•Sketch of the genesis
of the world
(cosmology) the
evolution of the world
begins with the
generation of opposites
in a certain region of
nature.
PYTHAGORAS
Pythagoras, described the
universe as living embodiment
of nature’s order, harmony,
and beauty . The Chinese
cosmic conception, on the
other hand, is based on the
assumption that all that
happens in the universe is a
continuous whole like a chain
of natural consequences
 B. Modern Thinker
IMMANUEL KANT
Immanuel Kant expresses that
beauty is ultimately a symbol
of morality. We must ignore
any practical motives
inclinations that we have and
instead contemplate the
object without being
distracted by our desire. He
believe that nature and
humanity are part of an even
bigger design
HERBERT MARCUSE &GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

Understanding our relationship with the

environment can also refer to the human beings with
ecology and nature. For Herbert Marcuse, humanity had
dominated nature. There can only be change if we will
change our attitudes towards our perception of the
environment. Moreover, for mead, as human beings, we
do not have only rights but duties. We are not only
citizens of the community but how we react to this
community and in our reaction to it, change it.
There are numerous theories to show care for the environment
aside from the ecocentric model such as deep ecology, social
ecology, and ecofeminism to name some.

A.Deep Ecology
• For this theory, ecological crisis is an outcome
of anthropocentrism, which is already
discussed. The controlling attitude of
humankind is extended to nature, when in
fact, humanity is part of nature. Deep
ecologists encourage humanity to shift away
from anthropocentrism to ecocentrism.
B. SOCIAL ECOLOGY
For this theory, ecological crisis results from authoritarian
social structures. Destroying nature is a reflection wherein few
people overpower others while exploiting the environment
for profit or self-interest. Social ecologist call for small-scale
societies, which recognize that humanity, is linked with the
well-being of the natural world in which human life depends.

C. ECOFEMINISM
This theory, ecological crisis is a consequence of male
dominance. In this view, whatever is “superior” is entitle to
whatever is “inferior”. The human desire to experience union
with others is one of the strongest motivations of human
behavior and the other is the desire for survival. Cultures
that foster the greed for possession are rooted in one human
potential.
4.4 Demostrate the Virtue of Prudence and Frugality
toward Environment

ERICH FROMM
Fromm (2013) proposed a
new society that should
encourage the emergency
of a new human being
that will foster prudence
and moderation of
frugality toward
environment.
 These are some of the functions of
Fromm’s envisioned society:
1. The willingness to give up all forms of having, in
order to fully be.
2. Being fully present where one is.
3. Trying to reduce greed, hate, and illusions as
much as one is capable.
4. Making the full growth of oneself and one’s
fellow beings as the supreme goal of living.
5. Not deceiving others, but also not being
deceived by other; one maybe called innocent,
but not naïve.
6. Freedom that is not arbitrariness but the possibility to
be oneself, not as a bundle of greedy desires, but as a
delicately balanced structure that at any moment is
confronted with the alternatives of growth or decay,
life or death.

7. Happiness in the process of ever-growing aliveness,

whatever the furthest point is that fate permits one to
reach, for living as fully as one can is so satisfactory
that the concern for what one might or might not
attain has little chance to develop.
8. Jot that comes from giving and sharing, not from
hoarding and exploiting.
9. Developing one’s capacity for love, together
with one’s capacity for critical, unsentimental
thought.
10. Shedding one’s narcissisms and accepting that
tragic limitations inherent in human existence.

The idea of this society cross all party lines; for

protecting nature needs focused conversation, action,
political will, and support from industry. If all these
sectors agree on the same goals, the possibility of change
would seem to be considerably greater, especially since
most citizens have become less and less interested in
party loyalty and slogans.