Review of Complex numbers

Rectangular Form: Imag Exponential Form:

𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 r=|z| 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜙 = 𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝜙
y

f
Real
x

1
 Real & Imaginary Parts of Rectangular Form
The real and imaginary parts of a complex number Imag
in rectangular form are real numbers: 𝑧

𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥
𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝑦 y=Im(z)

Therefore, rectangular form can be equivalently

written as: Real
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑖𝐼𝑚(𝑧) x=Re(z)
 Geometry Relating the Forms
The real and imaginary components of exponential form can
Imag be found using trigonometry:
𝑧
r=|z| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥
cos 𝜙 = = → 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜙
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑟
f
Real
x

Imag
𝑧
r=|z|
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦
sin 𝜙 = = → 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
y ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑟
f
Real
 Geometry Relating the Forms: Real & Imaginary Parts
Imag The real and imaginary parts of a complex number
𝑧 can be expressed as follows:

𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 = 𝑟cos𝜙 = 𝑧 cos 𝜙
𝑦 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 r=|z|
= 𝑟 sin 𝜙
𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜙 = 𝑧 sin 𝜙
𝜙
Real
𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
= 𝑟 cos 𝜙
 Geometry Relating the Forms: Quadrants
In exponential form, the positive angle, 𝜙, is always defined from the positive real axis.
If the complex number is not in the first quadrant, then the “triangle” has lengths which
are negative numbers.
Imag
Imag 𝑎𝑑𝑗 |𝑥|
𝑧 cos 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑟 𝑥>0
r=|z| 𝑥<0
𝑦>0 𝑦>0
y 𝑥 = −𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜙
Real
𝜃 f 𝑥<0 𝑥>0
Real 𝑦<0 𝑦<0
x
Geometry Relating the Forms: 𝑟 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦

Imag Use Pythagorean Theorem

𝑧
r=|z| 𝑟2 = 𝑧 2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
y to find 𝑟 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦:

𝑟= 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Real
x
Geometry Relating the Forms: 𝜙 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦
Use trigonometry
hyp
opp 𝑜𝑝𝑝
tan 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝜃
adj to find 𝜙 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦:
Imag
𝑧 𝑟 sin 𝜙 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) 𝑦
tan 𝜙 = = =
r=|z| 𝑟 cos 𝜙 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) 𝑥
y

−1
𝑦
f 𝜙 = tan
Real 𝑥
x
Summary of Algebraic Relationships between Forms
Imag
𝑧 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜙
r=|z|
y 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

f
Real 𝑟= 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
x

𝑦
𝜙 = tan−1
𝑥
 Euler’s Formula

𝑖𝜙
𝑒 = cos 𝜙 + 𝑖 sin 𝜙
 Consistency argument
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜙 = |𝑧|𝑒 𝑖𝜙

If these represent the same thing, then the assumed Euler relationship says:

Rectangular Form: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑟 cos 𝜙 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜙 = 𝑧 cos 𝜙 + 𝑖 𝑧 sin 𝜙

= 𝑟 (cos 𝜙 + 𝑖 sin 𝜙) = 𝑧 (cos 𝜙 + 𝑖 sin 𝜙)

Exponential Form: = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜙 = |𝑧|𝑒 𝑖𝜙
 Euler’s Formula
𝑖𝜙
𝑒 = exp(𝑖𝜙) = cos 𝜙 + 𝑖 sin 𝜙

Can be used with functions:

𝑖𝜔0 𝑡
𝑒 = exp(𝑖𝜔0 𝑡) = cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑖 sin 𝜔0 𝑡

11
 Addition & Subtraction of Complex Numbers
Addition and subtraction of complex Addition and subtraction are analogous to
numbers is easy in rectangular form vector addition and subtraction
𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑧1 = 𝑎 𝑥ො + 𝑏𝑦ො 𝑧2 = 𝑐 𝑥ො + 𝑑𝑦ො
𝑧 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑧Ԧ = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 𝑥ො + (𝑏 + 𝑑)𝑦ො
= (𝑎 + 𝑐) + 𝑖(𝑏 + 𝑑) y
Imag

𝑧1
𝑧1
b
b a
a x
Real c 𝑧Ԧ
c 𝑧2
𝑧 d
d 𝑧1
𝑧2
12
 Multiplication of Complex Numbers
Multiplication of complex numbers Multiplication by a complex number, 𝑧𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , can be
is easy in exponential form thought of as scaling by 𝑟 and rotation by 𝜃

𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜙 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 Imag

𝑧 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜙 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑧𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
Angle rotated
counterclockwise by 𝜃
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜙+𝜃)
Magnitude scaled by 𝑟 𝜃 𝑧
= |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |𝑒 𝑖(𝜙+𝜃) Real

13
 Division of Complex Numbers
Division of complex numbers is Division of complex numbers is
easy in exponential form sometimes easy in rectangular form
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜙 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
𝑧=
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜙 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
𝑧= = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 =
Multiply by 1 using the complex
conjugate of the denominator
𝑟1 𝑖(𝜙−𝜃) 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑
= 𝑒
𝑟2 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑖(𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑)
=
|𝑧1 | 𝑖(𝜙−𝜃) 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2
= 𝑒
|𝑧2 | 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 (𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑)
= 2 2
+𝑖 2
= |𝑧|𝑒 𝑖(𝜙−𝜃) 𝑐 +𝑑 𝑐 − 𝑑2
= 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) + 𝑖𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
14
 Complex Conjugate
Another important idea is the COMPLEX CONJUGATE of a complex number. To form the c.c.:
change i → -i Imag
𝑧
r=|z|
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜙 y
𝑧 ∗ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 𝑧 ∗ = 𝑟𝑒 −𝑖𝜙
f
Real
x
The complex conjugate is a reflection about the real axis

𝑧∗
 Common Operations with the Complex Conjugate
Addition of the complex number and its Imag
complex conjugate results in a real number 𝑧
𝑧 + 𝑧 ∗ = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 r=|z|
= 2𝑥 y

The product of a complex number and its

f
complex conjugate is REAL. Real
x 𝑧+ 𝑧∗ = 2x
𝑧𝑧 ∗ = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜙 𝑟𝑒 −𝑖𝜙
= 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜙−𝜙)
= 𝑟2
𝑧∗
= |𝑧|2