3.

3 Human Blood
 3.3 Human Blood
Blood consists of plasma, red blood
cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Blood consists of blood cells that float in
a fluid called plasma.
Plasma contains dissolved substances
such as minerals and digested foods.
Blood can be separated into two
components, that is yellow liquid and
red liquid, using centrifugal separation.
HUMAN BLOOD
Separation of component of human
blood using centrifugal separation
 HUMAN BLOOD
 a pale yellow colour.
 90% is water and 10% is soluble substances such as
glucose, amino acids, mineral salt, vitamin, enzymes,
waste products hormones and gases.

 Function:
 transport digested food to the body cells
 transport excretory products from body tissues
to the excretory organs
 control body temperature
 transport the hormones to the tissues for
metabolic processes
 maintain pH level in the blood
 PLASMA Dissolved food
(amino acids,
glucose)
90% is water and 10% is
soluble substances Mineral salts &
vitamins

Dissolved Waste (urea,

substances CO2

Hormones

Heat
HUMAN BLOOD

 do not have a fixed shape

 have a big nucleus
 do not have haemoglobin
 life span is 2 to 4 days
 produced in the bone marrow and spleen

 Function:
 protect and defense from harmful
microorganisms
Kill bacteria in the body
Produce antibodies to neutralized toxin
produced by microorganisms
 Larger than red
blood cells,
irregular shape

Protects the body

White blood cells from harmful
substances

Has nuclei
 HUMAN BLOOD

Contain haemoglobin
Round shaped and biconcave
No nucleus
Life span is 120 days
Produced in the marrow of long bones
Lack of red blood cell – aneamia

 Function:
Carries oxygen in blood
 Small, circular, and
biconcave

To absorb oxygen in its

haemoglobin. Transport
Red blood cells the oxygen and release
it to the cells which
require it

No nuclei
 HUMAN BLOOD

 Do not have haemoglobin

Cell fragments
No nucleus
Life span I4 days
Produced in bone marrow

 Function:
 helps in the clotting of blood
 Human Blood

Tiny fragments
from certain large
Platelets
cells in the bone
marrow
 Topic 2 Blood Circulation And Transport
Human Blood
Blood Constituents And Their Function

Plasma 5 000 000 000 Red blood

• Pale yellowish cells
liquid • No nucleus
• 90% water • Biconcave disc-shaped
• 10% is soluble • To transport oxygen
substances like
nutrients, mineral
salts, blood In 1 cm3 8 000 000 White blood
drop of cells
proteins and
hormones.
blood • Have nucleus
• Carry dissolved • Irregular shape
substances • To protect body against
diseases and infections
Blood cells and
platelets 250 000 000 Platelets
• Made in the bone marrow
• No nucleus
• Help in blood clotting,
repairs cell injury

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Human Blood
Red blood White blood
Characteristics Platelets
cells cells

Shape Cytoplasmic fragment

Biconcave disc No fixed shape of cells that has no
fixed shape
Estimated size 8 um 10 um 2 – 3 um
Presence of
No Yes No
nucleus
Bone narrow
Place of
Bone narrow and lymph Bone narrow
production
node

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 Human Blood
Red blood White blood
Characteristics Platelets
cells cells
A few days to
Life span 120 days 8 – 10 days
many months
Presence of
Yes No No
haemoglobin
Number per
About 5 About 7 About 200 000
cubic millimeter
millions millions to 400 000
(mm3)
Transport
oxygen and Defence and Help in blood
Function
carbon immunity clotting
dioxide
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Human Blood Groups
There are four human blood groups, i.e.
A,B,AB and O.
Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood
from a donor to a recipient.
The type of blood transfused to a
recipient must be compatible (suitable)
to avoid agglutination (clump).
Blood groups A and B contains antigen
A (antibody Anti-B) and antigen B
(antibody Anti-A) respectively.
Blood group AB contains both antigen
A and antigen B but there is no
antibody Anti-A or B.
Blood group O does not contain any
antigen but the antibodies Anti-A and
B are present.
 Topic 2 Blood Circulation And Transport
Human Blood
Blood Group And Compatibility
• Human blood can be classified into 4 different groups
namely A, B, AB and O

Compatibility Of Different Blood Groups

Recipient’s blood
group A B AB O
Donor’s
blood group

AB

Compatible
Incompatible

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Compatibility of Blood Donors and
Recipients
Humans who have lost lot of blood as a
result of excessive bleeding caused by
injury or sickness, need blood transfusion
to replace the blood that is lost.
In all blood transfusions, the blood group
of donor and recipient must be
compatible to avoid coagulation of
blood. The ability of someone to receive
blood depends on the presence of
antibodies in the person’s blood plasma
 BLOOD GROUP
Can be classified into four
different groups:

 Universal recepient  Universal donor –

– can receive blood can donate blood to
from all other groups all blood groups.
 Can donate blood Can only receive
only to individuals blood from group O
with blood group AB only
 Recipients of blood from suitable
donors.
Recipient Blood group Donor
(terima) (beri)

A, B, AB, O O O

A, AB A A, O

B, AB B B, O

AB AB A, B, AB, O
The Important of Blood
Donation
Every day blood is needed to save
lives. Blood is required for surgery,
accident victims or to treat
patients with leukaemia,
haemophilia and other illnesses.
 Topic 2 Blood Circulation And Transport
Human Blood

Importance Of Blood Donation

The transfer of blood from a donor to a recipient is called blood transfusion.

Can save life

To help people with diseases

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topic 2 Blood Circulation And Transport
Human Blood

Storage And Handling Of Donated Blood

Medical counseling for donor

Donated blood is tested for ABO group

Donated blood is tested for hepatitis B and C, AIDS and other

blood disease

Donated blood is collected in a plastic bag which prevents

blood from coagulating

Stored at 4oC for 5days

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topic 3 Transportation

3.4 Transport In Plants

ITeach – Science Form 3

Moving materials
How do plants transport materials to where they are needed?

38 of 40 © Boardworks Ltd 2007

How are plants adapted for transport?
The structures of cells and tissue in different parts of the
plant are adapted to allow transportation of essential
materials.
Leaves are entry and exit
points for the gases
needed by plants.

Stems connect the roots to

the leaves, flowers and fruits.
They contain cells specially
adapted for transportation of
water, minerals and sugars.

Roots absorb water and

minerals from the soil.

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How do tall trees get enough water?
Redwoods are the tallest
species of tree in the world.
The tallest redwood ever
measured was 120 metres tall.

How does a plant this size

get water from its roots to
the branches at the top?

The water will travel up the

stem, or trunk, of the tree.

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41 of 40 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
 Topic 2 Blood Circulation And Transport
Transport System In Plants
Transport System In Plants

Consists of thin tubes called vascular tissue in the roots, stems and leaves.

Xylem and Phloem are the 2 tissues involved in the plant’s transport system

Cross section of stem

Pith
Cross section of leaf
Phloem
Upper
Epidermis
Xylem
Epidermis

Lower Cross section of root

Epidermis
Stoma Epidermis
Endodermis
Xylem
Phloem

ITeach – Science Form 3

Which cells transport nutrients?
Plants contain two types of cell adapted for transportation.
Xylem cells transport water
and minerals up the stem from
the roots to the shoots and
leaves. This transport occurs
in one direction only.
Phloem cells transport sugars
produced in the leaves up
and down the stem to growing
and storage tissues.
The cells are arranged in plants as vascular bundles.
Both phloem and xylem form continuous systems
connecting roots, stems and leaves.
45 of 40 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
 Topic 2 Blood Circulation And Transport
Transport System In Plants

Xylem And Phloem

Xylem Phloem
Located inside of vascular Located outside of vascular
Location
bundle bundle

Has thick and strong walls Companion cells

Features
Contains lignin Arranged in tubes

Transports water and

Transports glucose from
Function dissolved mineral salts from
leaves to all parts of plant
roots to stem and to leaves

ITeach – Science Form 3

How is xylem adapted for transportation?
Water and minerals travel in
xylem vessels.
Xylem vessels have thick
cellulose cell walls,
strengthened by lignin. The
inside of the cell is hollow.
Xylem vessels are dead cells.
Xylem vessels transport
water and minerals from the
roots to the shoot and
leaves. This transport only
occurs in one direction.
The thick walls of xylem cells
also help support plants.
47 of 40 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
 Topic 2 Blood Circulation And Transport
Transport System In Plants
Transpiration

A plant in the morning A plant in the afternoon

What happens when plant

wilted?

Plants loses water

Transpiration
The proses by which plants
loses water in form of water
vapour from leaves to the
environment

ITeach – Science Form 3

 TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration is a bit like a straw, pulling water
up the plant. Sometimes the pulling force will
be stronger and the plant will lose more water.

Definition: the loss of water

through evaporation from the
stoma of leaves
Transpiration occurs
through the stomata on
the leaf surface

Importance:
a) remove excess water
b) helps to transport water and dissolved mineral salts
from the roots to all parts of the plants
c) helps to cool the plant when water evaporates
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 The transport system through xylem and
phloem

Leaf

stem

Dicotyledon
plant Root
 Topic 2 Blood Circulation And Transport
Transport System In Plants

Help absorbing and The Roles Of

Helps in
transporting of water Transpiration In
Cooling plants
and mineral salts Transport

Helps to remove Helps in exchanging

excess water of gaseous

ITeach – Science Form 3

How is the rate of transpiration measured?
Transpiration can be measured using a potometer.
A cut plant stem is sealed into the
potometer using a rubber bung.
An air bubble is introduced
to the capillary tube.
The distance the bubble
travels shows how much
water the stem has taken up.

This gives an indirect measurement of the rate of

transpiration.
59 of 40 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Cross section of leaf
 Stomata

The size of stomata is controlled by

the guard cells. The guard cells are
kidney shaped surrounding the
stoma
 Topic 2 Blood Circulation And Transport
Transport System In Plants
Transpiration Proses

A process in plants in which water is lost in the form of water vapour

from the leaves to the environment

Water vapour lost through tiny pores called stomata

An Open Stoma A Closed Stoma

Curved guard cells Straight guard cells

Wide-open Closed
stoma stoma
Epidermis
cell
The stomata are open during the The stomata closes on a hot day to
day to allow the exchange of carbon reduce the loss of water by
dioxide and oxygen. transpiration.

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Transport System in Plants

Guard cell
Hot day Cold day

Stoma Stoma is smaller Stoma is bigger

Stomata on leaf
surface

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 Topic 2 Blood Circulation And Transport
Transport System In Plants

The Functions Of Stomata

To allow the exchange of

oxygen and carbon dioxide To remove water vapour
during photosynthesis and during transpiration
respiration

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Guttation

Guttation is loss of water from

plants in the form of liquid known
as xylem sap through hydathodes
which are always open on the
edge of leaves.
Guttation usually occurs at night or
when air humidity is high.
Guttation
 Topic 2 Blood Circulation And Transport
Transport System In Plants

Temperature
Light
of the
intensity
surrounding

The higher the The more intense the

temperature, the Factors That Affect The light, the higher the
higher the rate of Rate Of Transpiration rate of transpiration.
transpiration.

Movement of
Humidity
air

The higher the

Faster movement of humidity of air, the
air increases the lower the rate of
transpiration rate. transpiration.

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Factor Affecting The Rate of
Transpiration

A rise in temperature of
the air will increase the
rate of transpiration
a) Temperature
because the rate of
evaporation of water from
the leaves will increase
Increase light intensity will
b) Light intensity increase the rate of
transpiration
 Factor Affecting The Rate of
Transpiration
In still air the rate of evaporation
of water from the leaves will
decrease and will cause the rate
of transpiration reduce
c) Wind
The existence of wind will
increase the rate of transpiration
because wind blow the water
vapour away from the leaf
reducing the humidity

d) Humidity Humidity conditions prevent the

evaporation of water from the
leaves
 Transport System in Plants
Monocotyledonous plant Dicotyledonous plant
Root Phloem Xylem Hair
Hair root root
Phloem Cortex
Epidermis Xylem Epidermis
Endodermis
Stem Xylem Xylem Cortex

Phloem
Phloem
Epidermis Epidermis
Leaf Xylem Xylem

Phloem Phloem

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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
The transportation of water through xylem

Red-coloured
part

Cross section of a stem

Red-coloured Red-coloured
solution part

Balsam plant Cross section of a root

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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
Procedures
 A balsam plant is immersed into a beaker filled with a red-
coloured solution. The plant is then exposed to sunlight
 After one day, the epidermis of the stem and leaf is observed

 A thin slice of the root and stem is cut and observed under a
microscope
Observation
 Some red bands are found at the veins of the leaf and some
part of the stem and root
 From the cross section of the stem, it is observed that xylem
tissues arranged in rings in each vascular bundle are coloured
red
Conclusion
 Those red bands are xylem tissues which transport water from
the root to the stem and leaves
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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
The transportation of food through phloem

Swelling is due to
accumulation of
product of
photosynthesis
(food)
First
day Shrinking

After few weeks

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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
Procedures
 The phloem tissues of a plant is removed by making a ring at
the bark of its stem
 The plant is left under sunlight and watered everyday

 The plant is left for few weeks

Observation
 The bark above the ring swells
 The bark below the ring shrivels
 Leaves on the upper part of the ring do not wilt

Inference
 The bark above the ring swells because the food (glucose)
cannot be transported to the lower portion without phloem
tissue
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 2.3 Transport System in Plants
 The bark below the ring shrivels because the food has been
used up
 Leaves of the plant do not wilt because water and mineral salts
can still be transported up through the xylem tissues

Conclusion
 Phloems tissues transport food (glucose) from the leaf to other
parts of the plant

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 3.5 Blood circulatory System in
Human and Transport System in
Plant
Similarities
Both is transport system
Both transport water, nutrients and
dissolve substances
Both occurs in complex organisms
 Differences
Blood Transport
circulatory Differences system in plant
system in
human
Tube system Structure Vascular
with heart system without
and valves pump or valve
Three types of Type of Two types of
vessels; artery, transport vessel; xylem
vein and vessels and phloem
capillary
 Differences

Blood Transport
circulatory Differences system in plant
system in
human
Arteries, Connection Xylem and
capillaries between phloem are
and veins are transport not connected
connected to vessels and are two
form one separate
continuous vessels
vessel