SURVEYING

& LEVELLING

Lecture # 6
Prepared by:
ENGR. AYAZ WASEEM
Lecturer,
Civil Engineering Dept.
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT OF PRISMATIC
COMPASS

 Fixing the compass with tripod stand

 Centering

 Leveling

 Adjustment of prism

 Observation of bearing
TYPES OF COMPASS

PRISMATIC COMPASS SURVEYOR’S COMPASS

 Prism
Adjustable Mirror
Object Vane
Red & Blue
Brake Pin Graduated Ring
Magnetic Needle
Compass Box Glass

Pivot
SURVEYOR’S COMPASS
 There is no prism on it. Readings are taken with eye
estimation.

 The graduated aluminum ring is attached to the compass

box. It is not fixed to the magnetic needle

 It consists of an eye-vane in place of prism

 The ring is graduated from 0o to 90o in four quadrants.

0o is marked at the north and south, and 90o at the east
and west

 No mirror is attached to the object vane

DIP OF MAGNETIC NEEDLE

 If a needle is perfectly balanced before

magnetization, it doesn’t remain in the balanced
position after it is magnetized. This is due to the
magnetic influence of the earth.

 The needle is found to be inclined towards the pole.

 This is inclination of the needle with respect to

horizontal is known as the ‘Dip of the magnetic
needle’
 N

S N

Northern Hemisphere

S N

Southern Hemisphere
S N

S
LOCAL ATTRACTION
 A magnetic needle indicates the north direction when
freely suspended or pivoted

 If needle comes near some magnetic substances, such

as iron ore, steel structure, electric cables conveying
current etc. it is found to be deflected from its true
direction, and doesn’t show the actual north

 This disturbing influence of magnetic substances is

known as ‘local attraction’

 If the difference between FB and BB of the line is

not exactly 180o, then there is some local attraction
APPLICATION OF CORRECTION
 First method: In this method, the sum of the interior
angles should be equal to (2n – 4)x 90o (‘n’ being
number of sides of triangle). If not so, the total
error is equally distributed among all the angles of
the traverse

 Second Method: In this method, the interior angles

are not calculated. From the given table, the
unaffected line is first identified. Then, commencing
from the unaffected line, the bearings of the other
affected lines are corrected by finding the amount of
correction at each station
Numerical 1
A traverse ABCDA is made in the form of a square taking in
clockwise order. If the bearing of AB is 120o30’, find the
bearing of the other sides.

120o30’
A
90o

90o B
90o
D
90o

C
Numerical 2
Following are the observed bearings of the lines of a traverse
ABCDEA with a compass in a place where local attraction was
suspected. Find the correct bearings of the lines.

LINE FB BB
AB 191o45’ 13o0’
BC 39o30’ 222o30’
CD 22o15’ 200o30’
DE 242o45’ 62o45’
EA 330o15’ 147o45’
CONCLUDED