Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Pair Activities
• Throughout this PowerPoint Lecture, there are
pair activities built in that you will be
completing with your partner next to the
slides on the lines.
• This is to help review key concepts, get you
thinking critically, and give opportunities for
clarification of main points.
1
Muslim conquest of World War II weakens Violence erupts as millions Continuing clash between
northern India in 1100s European colonial empires of Hindus and Muslims India and Pakistan over
cross the border between Kashmir
British imperialism in India Pressure from Indian India and Pakistan
nationalists increases Nuclear arms race as both
Nationalists organize the Gandhi is assassinated by India and Pakistan refuse
Indian National Congress Insistence by Muhammad Ali Hindu extremists to sign Non-Proliferation
in 1885 Jinnah and the Muslim League
India and Pakistan become Treaty
that Muslims have their own
Muslim nationalists form centers of Cold War rivalry
state
separate Muslim League in
1906 Rioting between Hindus and Establishment of the state
Muslims throughout northern of Bangladesh
India
Review: Religious Conflict and Partition
Religious Groups
• India had long had two main religious groups: Hindus, Muslims
• 1940, home to 255 million Hindus, 92 million Muslims
• Smaller numbers of Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists
Muslim Fears
• As hopes for Indian independence rose, so did religious tensions
• Some Muslims feared large Hindu population would dominate independent
democratic India, wanted separate nation to protect their rights
Muslim League
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah led Muslim League, worked for interests of India’s
Muslims
• 1940, Muslim League called for a partition, division of India, creation of separate
Muslim, Hindu countries
Pair Activity
• Next to each map, write down your
observations on the major locations
of Hindus and Muslims in South Asia
in 1909.
Map of Indian Subcontinent
Directions: Click
back and forth
quickly between
this slide and the
previous one.
Notice where
each group is
located.
Map of Indian Subcontinent
Task Predict what will happen after the
British leave India (decolonization). Do this next
to this slide. Explain why.
British Views on Independence
Why Britain Agreed To Independence
• 1. WWII Left Britain Broke, Weak, Needing To
Rebuild---
– No additional resources for maintaining colonies
• 2. Labour Party Came to Power ---
– More sympathetic to Indian desire for self government.
– Had been against colonialism for a long time and
believed that other countries should rule themselves.
• 3. Sacrifices Made By India During WWII---
– Over 2 million Indians fought in WWII for the British
– India raised food for soldiers at expense of its own
population, (Great Bengali Famine took over 1 million
lives)
Britain Now Wants to Withdraw
The aim of the British government was now to
have a peaceful and quick withdrawal from India.
They did not want to be caught up in any violence
so any withdrawal and the future shape of India
would have to be negotiated with the two Indian
parties.
They needed to get agreement from both, no
solution could be imposed as the British were too
weak to enforce it.
Independence, BUT?
These two maps show how India was divided after gaining independence from the
British in 1947. The first shows India under British rule, before the partition. The
second shows how the region was divided after gaining independence and the
breakaway of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) from West Pakistan (Pakistan today)
in 1971 through the Bangladesh Liberation War.
Effects
Effects
• During the split from India, there was a mass
migration of over 15 Million.
• The Muslims were going to Pakistan as the
Hindus were leaving for India.
• The creation of Pakistan was tumultuous,
resulting in chaos, riots, deaths & crimes
against humanity.
• This deepened the rift between Muslims
and Hindus.
Migrations
• Based on the 1951 census of displaced
persons, 7,226,000 Muslims went to Pakistan
from India.
• And 7, 249, 000 Hindus and Sikhs went to
India from Pakistan.
• All of this happened IMMEDIATELY after the
partition.
Migrations
• About 11.2 million or 78% of the population
transfer took place in the West, especially in the
Punjab region.
• 5.3 million Muslims moved from India to West
Punjab in Pakistan.
• 3.4 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from Pakistan
to East Punjab in India.
Refugee Trains in India 1947
Violence