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You know that the bottom number of a fraction tells how may parts each whole is
divided into.
In this picture each circle is divided into 4 parts so the bottom number for this
fractions is 4.
We use or shade 5 parts so the top number of this fraction is 5. The picture shows
the fraction 5 .
4
In a fraction the bottom number has a special name. The bottom number in a
fraction is called the denominator. The denominator or the bottom number in a
fraction tells how many parts each whole is divided into.
What are the denominators in these fractions?
1 Two
2
4 Six
6
7 Eight
8
7 Five
5
2 Three
3
+
=
1 + 4 5
=
3 3 3
Here’s a problem.
5 + 3 =
4 4
When you add and subtract fractions you do not work on the top and the
bottom the same way.
When you add and subtract fractions you COPY the denominator, then you
work on the top. Remember, you copy the denominator and then you work
on the top.
5 + 3
=
4 4
Now we can add the numbers on the top. What do we get when we add 5 + 3?
Correct, 5 + 3 = 8.
Here’s a different problem. First look at the sign. We are subtracting in this
problem.
Next look at the denominators. What do we do with the denominator?
Yes, we copy it in the answer.
5
On the top the sign tells us to subtract. 7 – 2, what’s the answer?
Right, 7 – 2 = 5. We put the 5 on top.
5
5
7 - 2 5
=
5 5 5
Let’s try another problem.
4 3
- =
2 2
First you copy the denominator then you work the top.
So 4 3 1
2 - 2 = 2
Here’s a new problem.
2 + 3
=
4 4
2 + 3 5
=
4 4 4
Your Turn
2. 5 + 2 7
=
3 3 3
Check your work
3. 8 4 4
6
- 6
=
6
4. 10 3 7
4
- 4
=
4
5. 3 2 5
+ =
4 4 4
If the fraction you are working does not have the same denominator you
cannot work the problem the way it is written.
You can’t work this problem the way it is written because the denominators are
not the same.
6 1
- =
4 3
Some of these problems can be worked the way they are written but
some cannot. Look at the denominators to decide, then write the
numbers of the problems that can be worked the way they are written.
1. 7 2 4. 4 4
3
+
4
=
5
- 6
=
2. 8 2 5. 8 2
3
- 5
=
5
- 5
=
3. 6 + 1 6. 2 + 5
= =
2 2 3 4
Check your work. You can work problems 3 and 5 the way they are
written. Remember, if you can’t copy the denominator of the fraction
you are adding or subtracting you cannot work the problem the way it is
written.
1. 7 2 4. 4 4
3
+
4
=
5
- 6
=
2. 8 2 5. 8 2
3
- 5
=
5
- 5
=
3. 6 1 6. 2 5
+ = +
=
2 2 3 4
Look at these new problems. Write the numbers of the problems that
can be worked the way they are written.
1. 6 5 4. 2 1
8
- 8
=
3
- 3
=
2. 7 2 5. 6 3
6
+
4
=
4
- 2
=
3. 1 + 4 6. 4 + 3
= =
2 3 6 6
Check your work. You can work problems 1, 4, and 6. Now on your
paper work the problems that can be worked the way they are written.
1. 6 5 1. 6 5 1
- = - =
8 8 8 8 8
4. 2 1
- = 4. 2 1 1
3 3 - =
3 3 3
6. 4 + 3
= 6. 4 3 7
6 6 +
=
6 6 6
Let’s try one more.
1 + 1
3 3 =
3
What do you get on top?
1 + 1 2
=
3 3 3
New problem.
1 1
3 - 3 =
3
• Do we work on top?
• Yes.
• Yes, 0.
Think about the picture of this problem when you work it.
1 1
3
- 3
=
You have 1 and you take away 1 . How many thirds do you have left?
3 3
When you see a problem that is addition or subtraction first look at the
denominators. If they are the same you can work the problem the
way it is written. If the denominators are not the same you cannot
work the problem the way it is written.
You have learned to work problems this way.
3 1 4 or 7 5 2
+
= - =
4 4 4 8 8 8
You can also work fraction addition and subtraction problems when
they are written this way.
5 8
8 3
+
2 - 2
8 3
7 6
8 3
Just like before check to see if you can work the problem the way it is
written, copy the denominator, then add or subtract.
Your Turn
Copy each problem you can work the way it is written, then work the
problem.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6 8 4 5 2
8 4 5 3 6
+ 1 - 3 + 2 - 6 - 1
8 4 6 3 2
Check your work.
Problems 3 and 5 cannot be worked the way they are written.
Work problems 1, 2, and 4.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6 8 4 5 2
8 4 5 3 6
+ 1 - 3 + 2 - 2 - 1
8 4 6 3 2
7 5 3
8 4 3