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Asam kuat dan asam lemah

AMIR MUSADAD

Prodi Farmasi - Unisba


Definisi ASAM BASA

Asam Basa
Donor H + Donor
hidroksida

Donor proton Penerima


proton

Penerima Donor
pasangan elektron pasangan
elektron
Limited DEFINITIONS of
ACIDS AND BASES
# Arrhenius’ definition
Acidic compounds : any substance that forms H3O+ in
aqueous solution
e.g. HCl + H2O  Cl - + H3O+

Basic compounds: : any substance that forms OH – in


aqueous solution

NaOH  Na + + OH -
Limited DEFINITIONS of
ACIDS AND BASES

# Bronsted-Lowry’s definition
Acid : proton (H+) donors

Base : proton acceptors


Broader DEFINITION of
ACIDS AND BASES

- Lewis definition
Acid : electron acceptor
Base : electron donor
Factors affecting
the acidity strength
► HA (aq) + H2O ═══ H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

 - the polarity of the bond (electronegativity


value difference)
► - the size of the A atom
► - the charge on the ion or molecule
ionization ability of molecules
in aqueous solution

depend on the different EN value of two attached


elements
1. Unionizable  nonelectrolyte  e.g CHCl3, CCl4,
2. Partly ionizable  weak electrolyte  e.g.: acetic
acid, ammonium hydroxide
3. Completely ionized  strong electrolyte e.g.
Inorganic salts such as NaCl, AgNO3,
Acidic Hydrogen on a compound
► The H atom attached to one of the very electronegative
elements has acidic character

 Elements of electronegativity values > 3.0



H-alfa of carbonyl group has weak acidic character
H+ yang lepas dari
suatu molekul

Makin mudah proton yg


lepas dari suatu
molekul

Makin kuat keasaman


suatu molekul

Ka makin besar
pKa makin kecil
The acidity strength
# The acidity strength of a compound
depends on its ability to donate a proton.

HA(aq) + H2O ═══ H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

# a strong acid is not the same thing as a


concentrated acid.
The Common Strong Acids

► HCl,
► HClO3
► HClO4,
► HBr,
► HI,
► HNO3,
► H2SO4(one proton only)
► Cl3COOH (trichloroacetic acid)
============================
Contoh senyawa asam lemah

pKa  1
• Asam sulfonat RSO2OH

pKa  5
• Asam karboksilat RCOOH

• Sulfonamida RSO2NH2

pKa  10
• Fenol Ar-OH
• Tiol R-SH
contoh gugus yg bersifat asam lemah :

• Karboksilat
O
- C- OH

• Sulfonat
O
- S- OH
O
Strong acids:
compound having Ka value of > 1
 Having ability to donate its H+ of > 50%

===================

Weak acids:
Compounds having Ka value of << 1
 Having ability to donate its H + of < 50%
Parameter kekuatan keasaman

Strong acids: Ka > 1


Weak acids: Ka << 1
acetic acid
as a compound of weak acidity

HOAc + H2O H3O+ + OAc-


Acid Conj. base

[H3 O+ ][OAc- ] -5
Ka   1.8 x 10
[HOAc]

Because [H3O+] and [OAc-] are SMALL, Ka << 1.


electronegativity difference
and acidic strength Ka
H = 2.1
F = 4.0 Ka HF = 7.2 x 10-4
O = 3.4 H2O = 1.8 x 10-16
N = 2.9 NH3 = 1 x 10-33
C = 2.3 CH4 = 1 x 10-49
O.1 M HF pH = 2.1
H2O pH = 7
NH3 pH = 11.1
EN Com- Ka EN δH X-H Bond
pounds Length (nm)

H = 2.1
F = 4.0 HF 7.2 x 10-4 1.9 0.29 0.101
O = 3.4 H2O 1.8 x 10-16 1.3 0.22 0.103
N = 2.9 NH3 1 x 10-33 0.8 0.14 0.107
C = 2.3 CH4 1 x 10-49 0.2 0.05 0.114
Acids Ka Hoac δH X-H Bond
(kJ/mol) Length (nm)

HF 7.2 x 10-4 -567.7 0.29 0.101

HCl 1 x 106 -431.6 0.11 0.136

HBr 1 x 109 -365.9 0.08 0.151

HI 3 x 109 -298.0 0.01 0.170


Ka value of halide acids
HF = 7.2 x 10-4
HCl = 1 x 10 6
HBr = 1 x 10 9
HI = 3 x 10 9
#Acids become stronger as the X-H bond
becomes weaker
#bonds become weaker as the H-binding
atoms get larger.
Influence of the charge on the acidity
strength of a derivetive’s series

Solution of
1,0 M H3PO4  pH = 1.5
1,0 M H2PO4-  pH = 4.4
1,0 M HPO42-  pH = 9.3
1,0 M PO4 3-  pH = 12.0
Compounds become less acidic and more
basic as the negative charge increases
Acidity: H3PO4 > H2PO4- > HPO42- > PO4 3-
Basicity: H3PO4 < H2PO4- < HPO42- < PO4 3-

1,0 M H3PO4 pH = 1.5


1,0 M H2PO4- pH = 4.4
1,0 M HPO42- pH = 9.3
1,0 M PO4 3- pH = 12.0
OXYACIDS
Oxyacids : acid compound having >1 oxygen atoms
HOCl
HOClO
HOClO2
HOClO3
H2SO4
HNO2
The acidity of OXYACIDS
The acidity increases significantly as the
number of oxygen atom attached to the
central atom increases

H2SO4: Ka = 1 x 103 HNO3: Ka = 23


H2SO3: Ka = 1.7 x 10-2 HNO2: Ka = 5.1 x 10-4
HOCl Ka = 2.9 x 10-8
HOClO 1.1 x 10-2
HOClO2 5.0 x 102
HOClO3 1 x 108
Weak acids

HA(aq) + H2O ═══ H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

# a strong acid is not the same thing as a


concentrated acid.
The equilibrium constant
HA(aq) + H2O ═══ H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

[H3O+] [ A -]
Kc = -----------------
[HA] [ H2O ]

Because [H2O] is practically constant

[H3O+] [ A -]
--------------- = Kc [ H2O ]
[HA]

[H3O+] [ A-]
--------------- = Ka
[HA]
Strong acids: Ka > 1
Weak acids: Ka << 1
Covalent Compounds In Aqueous Solution

HCl (gas) hydrogen chloride HCl (aq) hydrochloric acid


HBr(gas) hydrogen bromide HBr (aq) hydrobromic acid
HCN (gas) hydrogen cyanide HCN (aq) hydrocyanic acid
DETEKSI ASAM KUAT

Senyawa asam
+ Na2CO3
atau NaHCO3
CO2 + H2O
Senyawa asam
+ KIO3
+ KI
I2 + kanji
kuning biru
6 H+ + IO3 + 5 I- 3 I2 + 3 H2O
pKa asam benzoat monosubtitusi
Substituen orto meta para
-H 4,20 4,20 4,20
-NO2 2,17 3,45 3,44
-Cl 2,94 3,83 3,99
-OCH3 4,09 4,09 4,47
-CH3 3,91 4,24 4,34
-COOH 2,95 3,54 3,51
-OH 2,98 4,08 4,08
-NH2 4,98 4,79 4,92

Gugus penarik elektron


meningkatkan keasaman
ASAM KUAT dlm air
terdisosiasi sempurna (100 % atau α = 1)

HCl (asam hidroklorida)


• HClO4 (asam perklorat)
• H2SO4 (asam sulfat)
• HNO3 (asam nitrat)
• CCl3COOH ( asam triklorasetat)
ASAM LEMAH dlm air terdisosiasi
tdk sempurna (α  1)
,

Tingkat Disosiasi asam lemah tercermin dari nilai


tetapan disosiasi, Ka
pKa dan pKb beberapa
golongan senyawa
pKa  1
• Asam sulfonat RSO2OH

pKa  5
• Asam karboksilat RCOOH

• Sulfonamida RSO2NH2

pKa  10
• Fenol Ar-OH
• Tiol R-SH
pKa  14
• Alkohol R-OH
• Sulfida R-S-R’
• Eter R-O-R’
• Ester R-COOR’
• Amida R-CONH2
• Karbonil R-COR’

pKb  5
• Amonia NH3
• Alkil amina R-NH2
Which one is the weakest acids

CH3 COOH

ClCH2COOH

Cl2CHCOOH
Which one is the strongest acid?

CH3 COOH Acetic acid

CH3 CH2 COOH Propionic acid

CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH Butyric acid

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