INFORMATION THEORY II

ELE 10
Digital Communications Lecture 2

LINE ENCODING
 LINE ENCODING
• The method used for converting a binary
information sequence into a digital signal in a
digital communications system.
• Also called digital baseband modulation
or digital baseband transmission method.
• Line coding consists of representing the digital
signal to be transported by an amplitude- and
time-discrete signal that is optimally tuned for
the specific properties of the physical channel
(and of the receiving equipment).
 TYPES OF LINE ENCODING
• 1. Unipolar Encoding
• 2. Polar Encoding
• 3. Bipolar Encoding
• 4. Manchester Encoding
 UNIPOLAR ENCODING
• A positive voltage represents a binary 1, and
zero voltage indicates a binary 0.
 POLAR ENCODING
• A positive voltage represents a binary 1, and a
negative voltage indicates a binary 0.
 BIPOLAR ENCODING
• Binary 1’s are represented by alternately
positive or negative values. The binary 0’s is
represented by a zero level.
 MANCHESTER ENCODING
• A line code in which the encoding of each
data bit has at least one transition and
occupies the same time.
 Encoding Schemes
• 1. Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
• 2. Return To Zero (RZ)
• 3. Biphase
• 4. Differential Manchester
• 5. Delay Modulation (Miller)
• 6. Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
 1. Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
• A binary code in which 1's are represented by
one significant condition (usually a positive
voltage) and 0s are represented by some
other significant condition (usually a negative
voltage), with no other neutral or rest
condition.
1.a. Non-Return to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
• Where L denotes positive logical level
assignment.
• "1" is represented by one level.
"0" is represented by another level lower than
one but not zero.
 1.b. Non-Return to Zero-Mark (NRZ-
M)
• Where M denotes inversion on mark.
• "1" is represented by a change in level.
"0" is represented by no change in level.
1.c. Non-Return to Zero-Space (NRZ-S)
• Where S denotes inversion on space using
negative logic.
• "1" is represented by no change in level.
"0" is represented by change in level.
 2. Return To Zero (RZ)
• Describes a line code used
in telecommunications signals in which the
signal drops (returns) to zero between
each pulse.
 3. Biphase
• Biphase encoding works by changing the
signal in the middle of the bit interval,
however, the signal does not then return to
zero it continues to the opposite pole.
 2.a. Biphase-Level (Split Phase)
(Biphase-L)
• "1" is represented by a "One" level with
transition to the "Zero" level
"0" is represented by a "Zero" level with
transition to the "One" level.
 2.b. Biphase-Mark (Biphase-M)
• Level change occurs at the beginning of every
bit period
• "1" is represented by a midbit level change.
"0" is represented by no midbit level change.
 2.b. Biphase-Space (Biphase-S)
• Level change occurs at the beginning of every
bit period
• "1" is represented by no midbit level change.
"0" is represented by a midbit level change.
 4. Differential Manchester
• It is a differential encoding, using the
presence or absence of transitions to
indicate logical value.
• “1” is represented by a presence of a
transition..
“0” is represented by an absence in transition.
 5. Delay Modulation (Miller)
• "0" causes no change of signal level unless it
is followed by another "0" in which case a
transition to the other level takes place at the
end of the first bit period.
• "1" causes a transition from one level to the
other in the middle of the bit period.
 6. Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark
Inversion)
• This means a logical one is transmitted as
energy and a logical zero is not. This reduces
the actual bandwidth with a factor 2.
Encoding Scheme Comparison
END OF SESSION 