Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Danish Riaz
Ph.D (Zoology)
M.Phil ( Biotechnology)
BS (Zoology)
Protection, Support, and Movement
Protection: Integumentary
System
Integument - is the external
covering of an animal. It
protects the animal from
mechanical and chemical
injury and invasion by
microorganism.
THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM OF INVERTEBRATES
Single-celled protozoa
- Plasma membrane
Paramecium
- Pellicle (a thick protein coat)
Multicellular invertebrates
- Epidermis (the outer layer)
Some invertebrates
- Cuticles (thin and elastic/,thick and rigid)
Cnidarian (corals)
- Mucus glands
Parasitic flukes and tapeworms
- Tegument
Nematodes and annelids
- Epidermis
Echinoderms
- thin, ciliated epidermis
Arthropods
- exoskeleton
Integument of crustacean
Integument of vertebrates
THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM OF VERTEBRATES
Skin - is the vertebrate integument
- largest organ
Skin has 2 main layers:
Dermis
– is the connective tissue meshwork of
collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers
beneath the epidermis.
Hypodermis
– consisting tissue, adipose tissue, and
nerve endings, separates the skin from
deeper tissue.
The Skin of Cartilaginous
Fishes
Multilayered and contains mucous
and sensory cells.
The dermis contains bone in the form
of small placoid scales called
denticles
Cartilaginous fishes grow throughout
life, the skin area also increases.
New denticles are produced to
maintain enough of these protective
structures at the skin surface.
The Skin of Bony Fishes
Contains scales compose of dermal bone.
Scales are not shed, they grow at the margins
and over the lower surface.
Permeable and function in gas exchange.
The dermis is richly supplied with capillary
beds to facilitate its use in respiration.
The Epidermis also contains many mucous
glands.
Mucus production helps prevent bacterial and
fungal infections and its reduces friction as fish
swims.
The Skin of Amphibians
Consists of stratified epidermis and a
dermis containing mucous and serous
gland plus pigmentation cells.
Amphibians are transitional between
aquatic and terrestial vertebrates.
Three problems associated with
terrestial environments are :
1.desiccation,
2. the damaging effects of ultraviolet
light, and physical abrasion.
During amphibian evolution,
Keratin
production increased in the outer layer of the
skin cells.
Striated muscle
(muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils
in the cells are aligned in parallel bundles),
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF
INVERTEBRATES
A few functional differences among
invertebrates muscle indicate some of the
differences from the vertebrate skeletal
muscle.
The Locomotion of Soft-Bodied
Invertebrates
Pedal locomotion – move by means of
waves of activity in the muscular system
that applied to the substrate.
Looping movement – arching
movements are equivalent to the
contraction of longitudinal muscle.
Polychaete worms move by the alternate
movement of multiple limbs ( parapodia ).
The water vascular system of
echinoderms provides a
unique means of locomotion.
Along each canal are reservoir
ampullae and tube feet.
Terrestrial Locomotion in
Invertebrates: Walking
They required structural support, and those
that move quickly make use of rigid skeletal
elements that interact with the ground.
Tendons
which are tough, fibrous, bands or
cords, attach skeletal muscle to the
skeleton.
Myomeres segments – cause the
lateral undulations of the trunk and tail
that produce fish locomotion.
Fish movement based on the myomere
contraction:
1. The muscular forces cause the
myomere segment to rotate rather
than constrict.
2. The rotation of cranial and caudal
myomere segments bend the fish’s
body about a point midway between
two segments.
3. Alternate bends of the caudal end of
the body propel the fish forward.
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Each skeletal muscle has a pattern
alternate dark and light bands.
This striation of whole fibers arises from
the alternating dark and light of many
smaller, threadlike myofibrils in each
muscle fiber.
Myosin
Actin
- I band
- A band
Sarcomere
Cross bridges
Control of Skeletal Muscle
Contraction
Motor unit
- consist of one motor nerve fiber and
all the muscle fibers with which it
communicates.
Neuromuscular junction
- a space separates the specialized
end body of the motor nerve fiber from the
membrane of muscle fiber.
Acethylcholine
-released by the synaptic vesicles in
the nerve ending
Transverse tubules
- conducting paths
The calcium then binds with a
regulatory protein called troponin that
is on another protein called
tropomyosin.