Providing structures for flow of

blood to and from heart

structures for exchange of

nutrients and wastes in tissues

adjusting velocity and volume

of blood flow
Arteries Arterioles

Venules Capillaries

Veins
 • embryonic and fetal development
• wound healing
Normal : • new uterine lining after menstruation
• formation of corpus luteum after ovulation

• malignant tumor : secrete tumor angiogenesis

factors (TAFs) that stimulate blood vessel growth to
Pathologic: provide nourishment for tumor cells
• diabetic retinopathy : Angiogenesis cause blindness
Tunica interna (intima) :
simple squamous
epithelium/endothelium

Tunica media : smooth

muscle and elastic
connective tissue

Tunica externa/adventitia :
connective tissue (outer
covering)
Largest arteries, Aorta, pulmonary Well-defined
Largest diameter trunk, fingersized internal & external
but thin walls branches of aorta elastic laminae

Thick tunica
media, elastic Conducting
Pressure reservoir
fibers dominant arteries
(elastic lamellae)
Medium-sized arteries

Tunica media : more smooth muscle and fewer elastic

fibers than elastic arteries

Thick walls, capable of greater vasoconstriction &

vasodilation to adjust blood flow rate -> vascular tone

Well-defined internal elastic lamina but a thin external

elastic lamina

Distributing arteries

Small arteries
Terminal end : metarteriole
•precapillary sphincter -> monitors
blood flow into capillary
•other muscle cells regulate
resistance to blood flow (resistance
vessels)
Regulate blood flow into
capillary networks
Tunica media : one/two
layers of smooth muscle cells
having a circular orientation
in vessel wall
400 million, Ø = 15m - 300
m
Thin tunica interna with a
thin, fenestrated internal
elastic lamina that
disappears at terminal end
 Union of branches of 2 or more arteries
supplying same body region

Provide alternative routes for blood to reach a

tissue or organ

Collateral circulation : Alternative route of

blood flow to a body part through an
anastomosis

End arteries : Arteries that do not anastomose

• Obstruction : interrupts blood supply to a whole segment
of an organ -> necrosis (death) of the segment
 Form an extensive
Smallest blood vessels, Ø =
network, surface area to
5–10 m, only endothelium
make contact with body’s
(+)
cells (Exchange vessels)

Microcirculation : flow of
blood from metarteriole 
capillaries  postcapillary
venule (Connect arterial
outflow to venous return)
 High metabolic
• (Muscles, brain, liver, kidneys,
requirements tissue :
>>> nervous system)

Lower metabolic
requirements tissue : • (Tendons & ligaments)
<<<

• in all covering and lining epithelia,

Absent
cornea, lens & cartilage

• a network of 10–100 capillaries that

Capillary bed :
arises from a single metarteriole
 • Most capillaries
• plasma membranes
form a continuous
tube, interrupted
only by intercellular
clefts (gaps between
Continuous neighboring
capillaries
endothelial cells)
• brain, lungs, skeletal
and smooth muscle,
and connective
tissues
 • plasma membranes
have many
fenestrations, small
pores (holes) Ø =
70-100 nm
Fenestrate • kidneys, villi of
d capillaries small intestine,
choroid plexuses of
ventricles (brain),
ciliary processes
(eyes) and
endocrine glands
Sinusoids (sinus curve)
• wider and more winding
• large fenestrations
• Incomplete/absent basement
membrane -> very large intercellular
clefts (allow proteins & blood cells to
pass from a tissue into bloodstream)
eg : newly formed blood cells enter
bloodstream through sinusoids of red
bone marrow
• specialized lining cells Eg: in the liver
contain phagocytic cells (remove
bacteria & other debris)
• spleen, anterior pituitary, and
parathyroid glands
Little vein, thin walls

Drain capillary blood and begin return blood flow back to heart

Postcapillary venules :

• smallest venules
• loosely organized intercellular junctions
• very porous (sites of microcirculatory exchange of nutrients and wastes and
white blood cell emigration)

Enlarge  muscular venules, thicker walls exchanges no longer

occur
64% blood volume at rest in systemic veins & venules
(blood reservoirs)

13% : systemic arteries & arterioles

7% : systemic capillaries

9% : pulmonary blood vessels

7% : heart
Movement of • between blood and interstitial fluid
substances
• oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), glucose, amino
Diffusion acids & steroid hormones
• proteins and blood cells (sinusoid)

• large, lipid-insoluble molecules (hormone insulin,

Transcytosis antibodies from maternal circulation into fetal
circulation)

Bulk Flow: • Filtration and Reabsorption

Passive process, From higher pressure  lower pressure

Large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move

together in same direction

More important for regulation of relative volumes of blood and

interstitial fluid

Filtration : movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries 

interstitial fluid

Reabsorption : movement from interstitial fluid  blood

capillaries
Starling’s law of capillaries
 • Blood Pressure
Factors •  to 35 mmHg as bloodpasses from
systemic arteries through systemic
affecting arterioles &capillaries
• venous end of capillaries  16
blood mmHg
• Mean arterial pressure (MAP) :
flow average blood pressure = diastolic BP
+ 1/3 (systolic BP - diastolic BP)
 Vascular • Size of the lumen
• Blood viscosity
Resistance • Total blood vessel length

Venous • pressure difference from venules (about 16

mmHg) to right ventricle (0 mmHg)
Return
Velocity of
Blood Flow
 • (Volume darah yang dapat ditampung
Kapasitas Vena : vena)
• Distensibilitas dinding vena

Kapasitas vena 
 darah menetap •  volume darah yang bersirkulasi 
di vena >>

Kapasitas vena 
 darah kembali • volume darah yang bersirkulasi 
ke jantung >> 
Aliran Balik Vena
(Venous Return)
• ( Volume darah yang masuk ke Kontraksi jantung Aktivitas simpatis
atrium tiap menit dari vena )
• Kapasitas vena

Aktivitas otot rangka Efek katup vena Aktivitas pernapasan

Efek penghisapan
jantung (cardiac suction
effect)
 • Kekuatan/gaya yang dihasilkan
Definisi darah terhadap setiap satuan luas
dinding pembuluh

Satuan • mm air raksa(mmHg), tekanan 100

mmHg berarti kekuatan yang
dihasilkan cukup untuk mendorong
Standar kolom air raksa setinggi 100 mm
 A. Secara Langsung
• Dengan memasukkan kanula/kateter ke dalam arteri/vena/jantung
kemudian diukur dengan menggunakan manometer air raksa

B. Secara tidak langsung

• Dengan mendengarkan suara-suara Korotkoff menggunakan
sphygmomanometer
• 1). Metode Palpasi
• 2). Metode Auskultasi
 Tekanan
dalam
manset
Bunyi
diturunkan,
ketukan
aliran yang
Terdiri dari nyaring
Fase I Fase II melewati
5 fase : disebut
pembuluh
Tekanan
meningkat
Sistolik
timbul
bunyi
mendesir
 Bunyi
Bunyi
Bunyi sama
tiba-tiba
menjadi sekali tak
redup,
Fase III lebih Fase IV Fase V terdenga
lemah,
keras dan r
dan
nyaring (Tekanan
meniup
Diastolik)
Cardiovascular Center

Neural Regulation
• Baroreceptor Reflexes
• Chemoreceptor Reflexes

Hormonal Regulation

Autoregulation
• Baroreceptor Reflexes
 • sensory receptors detect changes in blood level of O2, CO2, and
H
Chemoreceptors • located close to baroreceptors in carotid bodies & aortic bodies
• also provide input to respiratory center in brain stem to adjust
rate of breathing

Hypoxia, acidosis, or • stimulates chemoreceptors to send impulses to

hypercapnia cardiovascular center

CV center increases
sympathetic • producing vasoconstriction and ↑ in blood pressure
stimulation to
arterioles and veins
 • blood volume falls or blood flow to kidneys  -
> juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys secrete
Renin– renin
• angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts
angiotensin– angiotensinogen I into angiotensin II
aldosterone • potent vasoconstrictor -> increasing
systemic vascular resistance ->  blood
(RAA) pressure
• Stimulates secretion of aldosterone ->  Na
system and water reabsorption ->  total blood
volume ->  blood pressure
 •  rate and force of heart
contractions ->  cardiac output
Epinephrine • vasoconstriction of arterioles and
veins in the skin and abdominal
and organs
norepinephrine • vasodilation of arterioles in cardiac
and skeletal muscle,  blood flow
to muscle during exercise
 • produced by hypothalamus
Antidiuretic • released from posterior pituitary in
hormone response to dehydration or  blood
(ADH)/vasopressin volume
• Vasoconstriction ->  blood pressure

• Released by cells atria of heart

• Vasodilation ->  blood pressure
Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP) • Promoting loss of salt and water in
urine ->  blood volume ->  blood
pressure
 • Warming promotes vasodilation
• cooling causes vasoconstriction
Physical changes • myogenic response -> smooth muscle in
arteriole walls -> contracts forcefully when it is
stretched and relaxes when stretching lessens

• Nitric oxide (NO), K, H, lactic acid, adenosine, kinins

& histamine
Vasodilating and • Thromboxane A2, superoxide radicals, serotonin
vasoconstricting (from platelets) & endothelins

chemicals
 Terima kasih.....

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