PROCESSING MAPS

• Several materials models are currently popular for characterizing the hot working behavior of metals and
alloys; these include the kinetic model , atomistic model and dynamic materials model and its variants.
• The processing map is a product of the dynamic material model that was developed in 1984, for two
primary reasons:
1. To evaluate the explicit microstructural response of the material to the processing parameters from the
constitutive equation that relates the flow stress to temperature, strain rate and strain.
2. To integrate the materials behavior with the finite element model that simulates metal-working
processes using mechanics of large plastic flow.
• Processing maps consist of a superimposition of efficiency of power dissipation and the instability maps,
the former revealing the “safe” domain for processing and the latter setting the limits for avoiding
undesirable microstructures.
Processing Maps of α-Brass

• Alpha brass is generally processed at high temperatures using mechanical forming operations like forging,
rolling, and extrusion.
• Alpha brass with 29.8 % Zn was used in this study. The starting material was in the form of hot-rolled rods
(rolling temperature 750 degree Celsius) which had an average grain diameter of about 39 micrometer.
• Cylindrical specimens of 8 mm in diameter and 12 mm in height were machined from the rods and were
used for hot compression testing.
• The flow stress values obtained at various temperatures and strain rates at different strains are given in Table
I.
POWER DISSIPATION MAP

• The principle of the Dynamic Materials Model is used for the

construction of the power dissipation map.
• The efficiency of power dissipation(η) through microstructural
changes, given by [2m/(m + 1)].
• This may also be viewed as a contour map representing
isoefficiency contours in the strain rate temperature plane.
INSTABILITY MAPS
• The regimes of microstructural instabilities are evaluated using the
criterion developed-

where D is the dissipation function at a given temperature.

• The criterion was developed on the basis of the continuum principles as
applied to large plastic flow, proposed by Ziegler.
• According to the Dynamic Materials Model, D is equivalent to J content

• The equation becomes-

MICROSTRCTURAL CHANGES

(a) Initial microstructure of hot-rolled a brass in the longitudinal

direction.
(b) Microstructure of the a brass specimen deformed at 800 degree
Celsius ,0.001 per second, and air cooled (dynamic recrystallization
domain).
• The instability criterion predicts that instabilities occur at
lower temperatures (500 degree Celsius to 650 degree Celsius
and higher strain rates (10 to 100 per second). Microstructural
investigations of specimens in the instability regime (Figure
shown) have shown that the manifestation of instability is in
the form of adiabatic shear bands oriented at an angle between
40 and 50 deg with respect to the compression axis.
CONCLUSION
The hot deformation behavior of brass has been characterized with the help of a processing map in the
temperature range of 500 degree Celsius to 850 degree Celsius and strain rate range of 0.001 to 100 per second.
The following conclusions are drawn from this investigation:
1. Dynamic recrystallization occurs in the temperature range of 750 degree Celsius to 850 degree Celsius and
in the strain rate range of 0.001 to 1 per second.
2. The maximum efficiency of power dissipation in the dynamic recrystallization domain is about 54 % at 850
degree Celsius and 0.001 per second. These conditions give optimum hot workability and match with those
generally employed for hot working of α brass.
3. The material undergoes microstructural instabilities at temperatures in the range of 500 degree Celsius to
650 degree Celsius and at strain rates of 10 to 100 per second, as predicted by the continuum instability
criterion. The manifestation of the instabilities is in the form of adiabatic shear bands.