Gas Laws

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Introduction
Boyle’s Law
Charles’ Law
Gay-Lussacs’ Law
Ideal Gas Law
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This lesson reviews terms used to describe the
properties and behavior of gases.
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Properties of Gases
You can predict the behavior of gases based on the
following properties:
Pressure
Volume
Amount (moles)
Temperature
Lets review each of these briefly…
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Pressure
Volume
Amount (moles)
Temperature
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Pressure
Pressure is defined as the force the gas
exerts on a given area of the container in
which it is contained. The SI unit for
pressure is the Pascal, Pa.
• If you’ve ever inflated a tire,
you’ve probably made a
pressure measurement in
pounds (force) per square inch
(area).
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Pressure
Volume
Amount (moles)
Temperature
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Volume
Volume is the three-dimensional space inside
the container holding the gas. The SI unit for
volume is the cubic meter, m3. A more common
and convenient unit is the liter, l.
Think of a 2-liter bottle of soda to get

an idea of how big a liter is.
(OK, how big two of them are…)
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Pressure
Volume
Amount (moles)
Temperature
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Amount (moles)
Amount of substance is tricky. As we’ve already
learned, the SI unit for amount of substance is the mole,
mol. Since we can’t count molecules, we can convert
measured mass (in kg) to the number of moles, n, using
the molecular or formula weight of the gas.
By definition, one mole of a substance contains

approximately 6.022 x 1023 particles of the
substance. You can understand why we use mass
and moles!
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Pressure
Volume
Amount (moles)
Temperature
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Temperature
Temperature is the measurement with which you’re
probably most familiar (and the most complex to
describe completely). For these lessons, we will be
using temperature measurements in Kelvin, K.
The Kelvin scale starts at Absolute 0, which

is -273.15°C. To convert Celsius to Kelvin,
add 273.15.
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How do they all relate?
Some relationships of gases may be easy to predict.
Some are more subtle.
Now that we understand the factors that affect the
behavior of gases, we will study how those factors
interact.
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How do they all relate?
Some relationships of gases may be easy to predict.
Some are more subtle.
Now that we understand the factors that affect the
behavior of gases, we will study how those factors
interact.
Let’s go!
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This lesson introduces Boyle’s Law, which
describes the relationship between pressure and
volume of gases.
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Boyle’s Law
 This law is named for Charles Boyle, who studied
the relationship between pressure, p, and
volume, V, in the mid-1600s.
 Boyle determined that for the same amount of a
gas at constant temperature,
p * V = constant
 This defines an inverse relationship:
volume
pressure
when one goes up, the other
comes down.
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Boyle’s Law
 This law is named for Charles Boyle, who studied
the relationship between pressure, p, and
volume, V, in the mid-1600s.
 He determined that for the same amount of a gas
at constant temperature,
p * V = constant
 This defines an inverse relationship:
volume
pressure
when one goes up, the other
comes down.
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What does Boyle’s Law mean?
p * V = constant
Suppose you have a cylinder with a piston in the
top so you can change the volume. The cylinder
has a gauge to measure pressure, is contained so
the amount of gas is constant, and can be
maintained at a constant temperature.
A decrease in volume will result in increased
pressure.
Hard to picture? Let’s fix that!
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Boyle’s Law at Work…
Doubling the pressure reduces the volume by half. Conversely, when the
volume doubles, the pressure decreases by half.
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Application of Boyle’s Law
 Boyle’s Law can be used to predict the interaction
of pressure and volume.
 If you know the initial pressure and volume, and
have a target value for one of those variables, you
can predict what the other will be for the same
amount of gas under constant temperature.
 Let’s try it!
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p1 * V1 = p2 * V2
p1 = initial pressure
V1 = initial volume
p2 = final pressure
V2 = final volume
If you know three of the four, you can calculate the
fourth.
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p1 * V1 = p2 * V2
p1 = 1 KPa
V1 = 4 liters
p2 = 2 KPa
V2 = ?
Solving for V2, the final volume equals 2 liters.
So, to increase the pressure of 4 liters of gas from 1 KPa to
2 KPa, the volume must be reduced to 2 liters.
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Boyle’s Law: Summary
 Pressure * Volume = Constant
 p1 * V1 = p2 * V2
 With constant temperature and amount of gas, you
can use these relationships to predict changes in
pressure and volume.
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This lesson introduces Charles’ Law, which
describes the relationship between volume and
temperature of gases.
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Charles’ Law
 This law is named for Jacques Charles, who studied
the relationship volume, V, and temperature, T,
around the turn of the 19th century.
 He determined that for the same amount of a gas
at constant pressure,
V / T = constant
 This defines a direct relationship:
an increase in one results in an
temperature
volume
increase in the other.
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What does Charles’ Law mean?
V / T = constant
Suppose you have that same cylinder with a piston
in the top allowing volume to change, and a
heating/cooling element allowing for changing
temperature. The force on the piston head is
constant to maintain pressure, and the cylinder is
contained so the amount of gas is constant.
An increase in temperature results in increased
volume.
Hard to picture? Let’s fix it (again)!
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Charles’ Law at Work…
As the temperature increases, the volume increases. Conversely, when

the temperature decreases, volume decreases.
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Application of Charles’ Law
 Charles’ Law can be used to predict the
interaction of temperature and volume.
 If you know the initial temperature and volume,
and have a target value for one of those variables,
you can predict what the other will be for the
same amount of gas under constant pressure.
 Let’s try it!
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V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
V1 = initial volume
T1 = initial temperature
V2 = final volume
T2 = final temperature
If you know three of the four, you can calculate the
fourth.
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V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
V1 = 2.5 liters
T1 = 250 K
V2 = 4.5 liters
T2 = ?
Solving for T2, the final temperature equals 450 K.
So, increasing the volume of a gas at constant
pressure from 2.5 to 4.5 liters results in a
temperature increase of 200 K.
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Charles’ Law: Summary
 Volume / Temperature = Constant
 V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
 With constant pressure and amount of gas, you can
use these relationships to predict changes in
temperature and volume.
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This lesson combines all the properties of gases into a
single equation.
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Ideal Gas Law
Combining Boyle’s and Charles’ laws allows for
developing a single equation:
P*V = n*R*T
P = pressure
V = volume
n = number of moles
R = universal gas constant (we’ll get to that in a
minute…)
T = temperature
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Ideal Gas Law
P*V = n*R*T
This is one of the few equations in chemistry that you
should commit to memory!
By remembering this single equation, you can predict
how any two variables will behave when the others are
held constant.
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Gas Constant
 The Ideal Gas Law as presented includes use of
the Universal Gas Constant.
 The value of the constant depends on the units
used to define the other variables.
 For the purposes of this lesson, we will use the
equation only to predict gas behavior
qualitatively. Specific calculations and units
will be part of our classroom work.
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Putting p*V=n*R*T to Work
 After using Boyle’s and Charles’ law for predicting gas
behavior, use of the Ideal Gas Law should be relatively
straightforward.
 Use NASA’s Animated Gas Lab to explore the
interaction of these variables on gas behavior.
 Follow the directions on the page for changing values
for the variables.
 When you’re finished, click the Back button on your
browser to return to this lesson.
 Link to site: Animated Gas Lab
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Ideal Gas Law: Summary
 P*V = n*R*T
 Learn it!
 Use it!
 This single equation can be used to predict how any
two variables will behave when the others are held
constant.
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The Gas Constant, R, in Various Units
R is the gas constant in the ideal gas equation

pV = nRT
R is related to the Boltzmann constant, k, by R = k x NA
where k = 1.3806 x 10-23 J/K
NA = 6.022 x 1023/mol
R with different units
8.31451 J/Kmol
8.20578 x 10-2 L atm/Kmol
8.31451 x 10-2 L bar/Kmol
8.31451 Pa m3/Kmol
62.364 LTorr/Kmol
1.98722 cal/Kmol
 (Standard Temperature and Pressure), are the conditions
most often used in chemistry to study or test a chemical.
STP is
Temperature
0 °C (32 °F or 273 Kelvin)
Pressure
1 atm (101.325 kPa, 14.7 PSI, 760 mmHg, or 760 Torr).
These values approximate the freezing temperature of

water and atmospheric pressure at sea level.
This review contains multiple choice questions on the material covered
by Lessons presented. Select an answer by clicking the corresponding
letter.
If you choose an incorrect answer, you will be given feedback and a

chance to try again. If you want to return to a lesson to review the
material, click on the Main Menu button, then select the lesson. When
you’re ready to complete the review again, go back to the Main Menu and
click the Review button.
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Question 1
Based on Boyle’s Law (p * V = constant) or the Ideal Gas Law
(p*V=n*R*T), when the number of moles (n) and temperature
(T) are held constant, pressure and volume are:
a. Inversely proportional: if one goes up, the other comes

down.
b. Directly proportional: if one goes up, the other goes up.
c. Not related
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Question 1 is Correct!
a. Inversely proportional: if one goes up, the other

comes down.
Decreasing volume increases
volume
pressure. Increasing volume pressure
decreases pressure.
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Try Question 1 again…

down.
c. Not related
You selected b. While pressure and volume are related,
it is not a direct proportion. Try again!
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down.
c. Not related
You selected c. Pressure and volume are related. Is the
relationship inverse or direct?
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Question 2
Based on Charles’ Law (V / T = constant) or the Ideal Gas Law
(p*V=n*R*T), when the number of moles (n) and pressure (p)
are held constant, volume and temperature are:

down.
c. Not related
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down.
c. Not related
You selected a. While volume and temperature are
related, it is not an inverse proportion. Try again!
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Question 2 is Correct!
b. Directly proportional: if one goes up, the other goes

up.
temperature
Increasing temperature
volume
increases volume. Decreasing
temperature decreases
volume.
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down.
c. Not related
You selected c. Pressure and volume are related. Is the
relationship inverse or direct?
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Question 3
Lets put the Ideal Gas Law (p*V=n*R*T) to some practical use.
To inflate a tire of fixed volume, what is the most effective way to
increase the pressure in the tire?
a. Increase the force pressing on the outside of the tire.
b. Increase the temperature of the gas (air) in the tire.
c. Increase the amount (number of moles) of gas in the tire.
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While increasing the load in the car might increase the

force on the tires, it would prove to be a difficult way to
adjust tire pressure. Try again!
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Increasing the temperature of the air in the tire would definitely increase
pressure. That is why manufacturers recommend checking air pressures
when the tires are cold (before driving). But how would you increase
temperature without damaging the tire? Is there a more practical
solution?
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Think of a 2-liter bottle of soda to get

By definition, one mole of a substance contains

The Kelvin scale starts at Absolute 0, which

As the temperature increases, the volume increases. Conversely, when

R is the gas constant in the ideal gas equation

These values approximate the freezing temperature of

If you choose an incorrect answer, you will be given feedback and a

a. Inversely proportional: if one goes up, the other comes

a. Inversely proportional: if one goes up, the other

Decreasing volume increases

a. Inversely proportional: if one goes up, the other comes

a. Inversely proportional: if one goes up, the other comes

a. Inversely proportional: if one goes up, the other comes

a. Inversely proportional: if one goes up, the other comes

b. Directly proportional: if one goes up, the other goes

a. Inversely proportional: if one goes up, the other comes

While increasing the load in the car might increase the

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